‘Smart development’. An essay on a new political economy of the environment

Tausch, Arno (2016): ‘Smart development’. An essay on a new political economy of the environment.

Abstract

In this book, we present a first empirical reflection on ‘smart development’, its measurement and its possible ‘drivers’ and ‘bottlenecks’. We first provide cross-national data, how much ecological footprint is used in the nations of the world system to ‘deliver’ a given amount of democracy, economic growth, gender equality, human development, research and development, and social cohesion. To this end, we first developed UNDP-type performance indicators from current standard international comparative, cross-national social science data on these six main dimensions of development and on the combined performance on the six dimensions (a UNDP type ‘human development index plus’). We then show the non-linear standard OLS regression trade-offs between ecological footprints per capita and their square on these six components of development and the overall super-UNDP development performance index, derived from them. The residuals from these regressions are our new measures of smart development: a maximum of democracy, economic growth, gender equality, human development, research and development, social cohesion, and their combination with a minimum of ecological footprint.

Our estimates underline the enormous importance of the positive effects of received worker remittances on smart development.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth F22 - International Migration F-24 – Remittances
• Subjects: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods > C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics > C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation; F - International Economics > F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business > F22 - International Migration; F - International Economics > F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business > F24 - Remittances; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth

References

Acemoglu, D. 2003. Cross-Country Inequality Trends. Economic Journal, (113): 121-149.

Acemoglu, D. 2005. Politics and Economics in Weak and Strong States. Journal of Monetary Economics, Swiss National Bank, Special Issue, (52): 1199-1226.

Acemoglu, D. 2009. The Crisis of 2008: Structural Lessons for and from Economics. As yet unpublished working paper, available from the website http://econ-www.mit.edu/faculty/acemoglu/other

Acemoglu, D. 2010a. Theory, General Equilibrium, Political Economy and Empirics in Development Economics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2): 17-32.

Acemoglu, D. 2010b. When Does Labor Scarcity Encourage Innovation? Journal of Political Economy, 118(6): 1037-1078.

Acemoglu, D. and Dell, M. 2010. Productivity Differences Between and Within Countries. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2(1): 169–88.

Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. 2000. Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality and Growth in Historical Perspective. Quarterly Journal of Economics, (115): 1167-1199.

Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. 2001. Inefficient Redistribution. American Political Science Review, (95): 649-61.

Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. 2006. Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective. American Political Science Review, 100: 115-131.

Acemoglu, D.; Johnson, S. and Robinson, J. 2001. The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, (91): 1369-1401.

Acemoglu, D.; Johnson, S. and Robinson, J. 2002. Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117: 1231-1294.

Acemoglu, D.; Johnson, S.; and Robinson, J. 2005. The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Growth. American Economic Review, June 2005, (95): 546-579.

Acemoglu, D.; Johnson, S.; Robinson, J.; and Yared, P. 2008. Income and Democracy. American Economic Review, 98: 808-842.

Acosta, P., Calderon, C., Fajnzylber, P. et al. 2008. What is the impact of international remittances on poverty and inequality in Latin America? World Development, 36(1): 89-114.

Addison, T. and Heshmati, A. 2004. The new global determinants of FDI to developing countries. Research in Banking and Finance, 4, 151-186.

Afxentiou, P. C. 1990a. Basic Needs – As Survey of the Literature. Revue Canadienne d’Etudes du Developpement – Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 11(2): 241-257.

Afxentiou, P. C. 1990b. The Rhethoric and Substance of Basic Needs. South African Journal of Economics, 58(1): 78-87.

Aghion, Ph. and Howitt, P. 1992. A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, 60 (2), 323-351.

Agosin, M. and Machado, R. 2005. Foreign Investment in Developing Countries: Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment?. Oxford Development Studies, 33(2):149-162.

Alesina, A. and Perotti, R. 1994. The political economy of growth. A critical survey of the recent literature. World Bank Economic Review, 8(3): 351-371.

Alesina, A.; Spolaore, E. and Wacziarg, R. 2000. Economic integration and political disintegration. American Economic Review, 90(5): 1276-1296.

Allsopp, C. and Artis, M. J. 2003. The assessment: EMU, four years on. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 19(1): 1-29.

Amin, S. 1973. Le developpement inegal. Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme peripherique' Paris: Editions de Minuit.

Amin, S. 1976. Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Amin, S. 1980. The Class Structure of the Contemporary Imperialist System. Monthly Review 31(8): 9-26.

Amin, S. 1984. Was kommt nach der Neuen Internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung? Die Zukunft der Weltwirtschaft. In 'Rote Markierungen International' (Fischer H. and Jankowitsch P. (Eds.)), pp. 89 - 110, Vienna: Europaverlag.

Amin, S. 1989. Eurocentrism. Translated by Russell Moore. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Amin, S. 1992. Empire of Chaos. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Amin, S. 1994a. The Future of Global Polarization. Review (Fernand Braudel Center, USA), 17(3): 337-347.

Amin, S. 1994b. Die neue kapitalistische Globalisierung - die Herrschaft des Chaos. Starnberger Forschungsberichte, 3(4), May: 7 - 26.

Amin, S. 1994c. Re-reading the postwar period: an intellectual itinerary. Translated by Michael Wolfers. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Amin, S. 1997a. Capitalism in the Age of Globalization. London, England: Zed Books.

Amin, S. 1997b. Die Zukunft des Weltsystems. Herausforderungen der Globalisierung. Herausgegeben und aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von Joachim Wilke. Hamburg: VSA.

Amin, S., Arrighi, G., Frank A. G. and Wallerstein, I. 1982. Dynamics of global crisis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Amuedo-Dorantes, C. and Pozo, S. 2004. Workers' remittances and the real exchange rate: A paradox of gifts. World Development, 32(8): 1407-1417.

Anand, S. and Ravallion, M. 1993. Human Development in Poor Countries. On the Role of Private Incomes and Public Services. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(1): 133-150.

Angelsen, A. and Kaimowitz, D. 1999. Rethinking the causes of deforestation: Lessons from economic models. World Bank Research Observer, 14(1): 73-98.

Anson, J. 1988. Mortality and Living Conditions. Relative Mortality Levels and their Relation to the Physical Quality of Life in Urban Populations. Social Science&Medicine, 27(9): 901-910.

Anson, J. 1991. Demographic Indexes as Social Indicators. Environment and Planning. 23(3): 433-446.

Arrighi, G. 1995. The Long 20th Century. Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times. London, New York: Verso.

Auvinen, J. and Nafziger, E. W. 1999. The sources of humanitarian emergencies. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(3): 267-290.

Bandelji, N. 2009. The Global Economy as Instituted Process: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 128-149, Feb 2009.

Barro, R. J. 2000. Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1): 5-32.

Barro, R. J. 2003. Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, 159(1), 350-386.

Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. 2003. Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Second edition.

Beer, L. 1999. Income Inequality and Transnational Corporate Penetration. Journal of World Systems Research, 5 (1), 1 – 25.

Biswas, B. and Ram, R. 1986. Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in Less-Developed Countries. An Augmented Model and Further Evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 34(2): 361-372.

Blankenau, W. F. and Simpson, N. B. 2004. Public education expenditures and growth. Journal of Development Economics, 73(2): 583-605.

Bobróvnikov, A. V. 2004. Makrocikly v ekonomike stran Latinskoj Ameriki. [Macorcycles in the economies of Latin American countries]. Moskva: Inst. Latinskoj Ameriki.

Bornschier, V. 1976. ‚Wachstum, Konzentration und Multinationalisierung von Industrieunternehmen. Frauenfeld; Stuttgart: Huber.

Bornschier, V. 1980a. Multinational Corporations, Economic Policy and National Development in the World System. International Social Science Journal, 32 (1), 158-172.

Bornschier, V. 1980b. Multinationale Konzerne, Wirtschaftspolitik und nationale Entwicklung im Weltsystem. Mit Beiträgen von Thanh-Huyen Ballmer-Cao [et al.]. Frankfurt/Main; New York: Campus.

Bornschier, V. 1981. Dependent Industrialization in the World Economy: Some Comments and Results concerning a Recent Debate. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25 (3), 371-400.

Bornschier, V. 1982. The World Economy in the World System. Structure Dependence and Change. International Social Science Journal, 34 (1), 38-59.

Bornschier, V. 1983. World economy, level development and income distribution: An integration of different approaches to the explanation of income inequality. World Development, 11 (1), 11-20.

Bornschier, V. 1996. Western society in transition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.

Bornschier, V. 2002. Changing Income Inequality in the Second Half of the 20th Century: Preliminary Findings and Propositions for Explanations’ Journal of World-Systems Research, available at: http://jwsr.ucr.edu/index.phpVIII, 1, Winter: 100 – 127.

Bornschier, V. and Ballmer-Cao, T. H. 1979. Income Inequality: A Cross-National Study of the Relationships Between MNC-Penetration, Dimensions of the Power Structure and Income Distribution. American Sociological Review, 44 (3), 438-506.

Bornschier, V. and Chase-Dunn, Ch. K. 1985. Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment. N. Y., N. Y.: Praeger.

Bornschier, V., Chase-Dunn, Ch. K., Rubinson, R 1978. Cross-National Evidence of the Effects of Foreign Investment and Aid on Economic Growth and Inequality: A Survey of Findings and a Reanalysis. American Journal of Sociology, 84 (3), 651-683.

Bovenberg, A. L. and van Ewijk, C. 1997. Progressive taxes, equity, and human capital accumulation in an endogenous growth model with overlapping generations. Journal of Public Economics, 64(2): 153-179.

Brand, U. 2005. Gegen-Hegemonie. Perspektiven globalisierungskritischer Strategien. Hamburg: VSA.

Brand, U. and Goerg, Ch. 2003. Postfordistische Naturverhältnisse: Konflikte um genetische Ressourcen und die Internationalisierung des Staates. Muenster: Westfaelisches Dampfboot.

Brand, U. and Raza, W. (Eds. ) 2003. Fit für den Postfordismus?: theoretisch-politische Perspektiven des Regulationsansatzes. Muenster: Westfaelisches Dampfboot.

Brand, U. et al. (Eds. ) 2001. Nichtregierungsorganisationen in der Transformation des Staates. Muenster: Westfaelisches Dampfboot.

Brand, U. et al. 2000. Global governance: Alternative zur neoliberalen Globalisierung? Muenster: Westfaelisches Dampfboot.

Brand, U. et al. 2008. Conflicts in environmental regulation and the internationalisation of the state: contested terrains. London: Routledge.

Burckett, P. 1999. Marx and nature: a red and green perspective. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Buti, F.; Franco, D.; and Ongena, H. 1998. Fiscal discipline and flexibility in EMU: The implementation of the stability and growth pact. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14(3): 81-97.

Cardoso, F. H. 1977. El Consumo de la Teoría de la Dependencia en los Estados Unidos El Trimestre Economico, 173, 44, 1, 33 - 52.

Cardoso, F. H. 1979. Development under Fire. Mexico D. F.: Instituto Latinoamericano de Estudios Transnacionales, DEE/D/24 i, Mayo (Mexico 20 D. F., Apartado 85 - 025.

Cardoso, F. H. and Faletto, E. 1971. Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina. Mexico D. F.: Editorial Siglo I.

Carruthers J. I. And Ulfarsson, G. 2007. Does 'smart growth' matter to public finance? Urban Studies, 45(9): 1791-1823.

CEPAL/ECLAC 2002. Globalización y desarrollo. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (Santiago de Chile), available at http://www. eclac. cl/cgi-bin/getProd. asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/6/10026/P10026. xml&xsl=/tpl/p9f. xsl&base=/MDG/tpl/top-bottom. xsl.

Chase-Dunn, Ch. K. 1975. The Effects of International Economic Dependence on Development and Inequality: a Cross- national Study. American Sociological Review, 40 (4), 720 - 738.

Chen, X. M. 1995. The evolution of free economic zones and the recent development of cross-national growth zones. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19(4): 593-616.

Cheng W. Y. 1989. Testing the Food-First Hypothesis. A Cross-national Study of Dependency, Sectoral Growth and Food-Intake in Less Developed Countries. World Development, 17(1): 17-27.

Coleman, J. S. 1965. Education and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Constant, A., Gataullina, L., Zimmermann, K. F. and Zimmermann, L. 2006. Clash of Cultures: Muslims and Christians in the Ethnosizing Process. German Institute for Economic Research, Discussion Paper 628, Berlin, October 2006, available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/diw/diwwpp/dp628.html.

Cook, C. J. 1995. Savings rates and income distribution. Further evidence from LDCs. Applied Economics, 27(1): 71-82.

Crenshaw, E. and Robison, K. 2010. Socio-Demographic Determinants of Economic Growth: Age-Structure, Preindustrial Heritage and Sociolinguistic Integration. Social Forces, 88(5): 2217-2240.

Cropper, M. L. and Oates, W. E. 1992. Environmental Economics – A Survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 30, 2: 675-740.

De Haan, J; Lundstrom, S; Sturm, J. E. 2006. Market oriented institutions and policies and economic growth: a critical survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 20(2): 157-191.

de la Porte, C.; Pochet, P.; and Room, G. 2001. Social benchmarking, policy making and new governance in the EU. Journal of European Social Policy, 11(4): 291-307.

De Soysa I. and Oneal J. R. 1999. ‘Boon or Bane? – Reassessing the Productivity of Foreign Direct Investment.’ American Sociological Review, 64:766–782.

De Soysa, I. and Ragnhild, N. Islam's bloody innards? Religion and political terror, 1980-2000. International Studies Quarterly, 51(4): 927-943.

Devezas, T. C. (Ed.) 2006. Kondratieff waves, warfare and world security: [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Influence of Chance Events and Socioeconomic Long Waves in the New Arena of Asymmetric Warfare, Covilhã, Portugal, 14 - 18 February 2005]. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Devezas, T. C. and Corredine, J.T. 2001. The biological determinants of long-wave behavior in socioeconomic growth and development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 68 (1), 1-57.

Dick, Ch. and Jorgenson, A. K. 2010. Sectoral Foreign Investment and Nitrous Oxide Emissions: A Quantitative Investigation. Society and Natural Resources, 23(1), 71-82.

Dietz, T., Rosa, E. A., York, R. 2007. Driving the human ecological footprint. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(1): 13-18.

Dietz, T., Rosa, E. A., York, R. 2009. Environmentally Efficient Well-Being: Rethinking Sustainability as the Relationship between Human Well-being and Environmental Impact. Human Ecology Review, 16, (1): 114-123.

Dinopoulos, E. And Thompson, P. 1999. Scale effects in Schumpeterian models of economic growth. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 9(2): 157-185.

Dixon W. J. and Boswell T. 1996a. ‘Dependency, Disarticulation, and Denominator Effects: Another Look at Foreign Capital Penetration.’ American Journal of Sociology, 102 (2), 543–562.

Dixon W. J. and Boswell T. 1996b. ‘Differential Productivity, Negative Externalities, and Foreign Capital Dependency: Reply to Firebaugh.’ American Journal of Sociology, 102 (2), 576–584.

Dixon, W. J. 1987. Progress in the Provision of Basic Human Needs. Latin America, 1960-1980. Journal of Developing Areas, 21(2): 129-140.

Dixon, W. J. and Moon, B. E. 1986. The Military Burden and Basic Human Needs. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 30(4): 660-684.

Dixon, W. J. and Moon, B. E. 1989. Domestic Political Conflict and Basic Needs Outcomes. An Empirical Assessment. Comparative Political Studies, 22(2): 178-198.

Dollar, D. 1992a. Growth is good for the poor. Journal of Economic Growth, 7(3): 195-225.

Dollar, D. 1992b. Outward-oriented developing countries really do grow more rapidly. Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(3): 523-544.

Doucouliagos H. and Paldam, M. 2008. Aid effectiveness on growth: A meta study. European Journal of Political Economy, 24(1): 1-24.

Downs, A. 2005. Smart growth - why we discuss it more than we do it. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(4): 367-378.

Durlauf, St. N., Kourtellos, A. and Tan, Ch. M. 2008. Are any Growth Theories Robust? The Economic Journal, 118(1), 329-346.

Dutt, A. K. 1997. The pattern of direct foreign investment and economic growth. World Development, 25 (11), 1925-1936.

Easterlin, R. A. 1995. Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all? Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization, 27(1): 35-47.

Easterlin, R. A. 2001. Income and happiness: Towards a unified theory. Economic Journal, 111(473): 465-484.

Easterly, W. 2000. The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development. (May 2000. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2346. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=630718 (Data available at http://www. cgdev. org/doc/expert%20pages/easterly/easterly_consensusdata. xls in EXCEL-format. The data are also still retrievable by a Google search, using the search profile words easterly_consensusdata. xls).

Easterly, W. 2002. Inequality does Cause Underdevelopment: New evidence. Center for Global Development, Working Paper 1, January 2002, available at: http://www. cgdev. org/wp/cgd_wp001_rev. pdf.

Easterly, W. and Levine, R. 1997. Africas Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1203-1250.

Easterly, W. and Schmidthebbel, K. 1993. Fiscal deficits and macroeconomic performance in developing countries. World Bank Research Observer, 8(2): 211-237.

Edwards, S. 1993. Openness, trade liberalization, and growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Literature, 31(3): 1358-1393.

Egert, B; Drine I; Lommatzsch K; et al. 2003. The Balassa-Samuelson effect in Central and Eastern Europe: myth or reality? Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(3): 552-572.

Ehrhardt-Martinez, K.; Crenshaw, E. M.; Jenkins, J. C. 2002. Deforestation and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Cross-National Investigation of Intervening Mechanisms. Social Science Quarterly, vol. 83(1), 226-243, Mar 2002.

Fain, H. D. et al. 1997. World-System Position, Tropical Climate, National Development, and Infant Mortality: A Cross-National Analysis of 86 Countries. Human Ecology Review, 3: 197-203.

Faria, J. R; Leon-Ledesma, M. 2003. Testing the Balassa-Samuelson effect: Implications for growth and the PPP. Journal of Macroeconomics, 25(2): 241-253.

Feldstein, M. 1994. Fiscal policies, capital formation, and capitalism. European Economic Review, 39(3-4): 399-420.

Firebaugh G. 1992. ‘Growth Effects of Foreign and Domestic Investment.’ American Journal of Sociology, 98:105–130.

Firebaugh G. and Beck F. D. 1994. ‘Does Economic Growth Benefit the Masses? Growth, Dependence, and Welfare in the Third World.’ American Sociological Review, 59, 631–653.

Fosu, A. K. 2009. Inequality and the Impact of Growth on Poverty: Comparative Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Studies, 45(5): 726-745.

Fosu, A. K. 2010a. The Effect of Income Distribution on the Ability of Growth to Reduce Poverty: Evidence from Rural and Urban African Economies. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 69(3): 1034-1053.

Fosu, A. K. 2010b. Does inequality constrain poverty reduction programs? Evidence from Africa. Journal of Policy Modeling, 32(6): 818-827.

Fosu, A. K. 2010c). Inequality, Income, and Poverty: Comparative Global Evidence. Social Science Quarterly, 91(5): 1432-1446.

Frank, A. G. 1967. Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America: historical studies of Chile and Brazil. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Frank, A. G. 1998. ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Ewing, USA: University of California Press.

Frankel, J. A. and Romer D. 1999. Does Trade Cause Growth? American Economic Review, 89(3), 379-99.

Frankel, J. A.; Romer, D. 1999. Does trade cause growth? American Economic Review, 89(3): 379-399.

Frey, B. S. and Stutzer, A. 2002. What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2): 402-435.

Froebel, F. et al. 1980. The new international division of labour: structural unemployment in industrialised countries and industrialisation in developing countries. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press; Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de lHomme, 1980.

Furtado, C. 1963. The economic growth of Brazil: a survey from colonial to modern times. Translated by Ricardo W. de Aguiar and Eric Charles Drysdale. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Furtado, C. 1964. Development and underdevelopment. Trans. by R.W. de Aguiar and E. C. Drysdale. Berkeley: California University Press.

Furtado, C. 1976. Economic development of Latin America: historical background and contemporary problems. Translated by Suzette Macedo. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Furtado, C. 1983. Accumulation and development: the logic of industrial civilization. Translated by Suzette Macedo. Oxford: M. Robertson.

Gallup, J. L. and Sachs, J. D. with Mellinger, A. D. 1999. Geography and Economic Development, in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1998, Boris Pleskovic and Joseph E. Stiglitz, eds. Washington, DC: The World Bank (April). Also published in International Regional Science Review 22 (2), 179-232.

Galtung, J. 1971. A Structural Theory of Imperialism. Journal of Peace Research, 8 (2), 81 - 117.

Gine, X. and Townsend, R. M. 2004. Evaluation of financial liberalization: a general equilibrium model with constrained occupation choice. Journal of Development Economics, 74(2): 269-307.

Glomm, G. and Ravikumar, B. 1997. Productive government expenditures and long-run growth. Journal of Economic Dynamics&Control, 21(1): 183-204.

Goldstein, J. S. 1985. Basic Human Needs – The Plateau Curve. World Development, 13(5), 595-609.

Goldstein, J. S. 1988. Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age New Haven: Yale University Press.

Gould, E. D. 2002. Rising wage inequality, comparative advantage, and the growing importance of general skills in the United States. Journal of Labor Economics, 20(1): 105-147.

Grier, K. B. and Tullock, G. 1989. An empirical analysis of cross-national economic growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 24(2), 259–76.

Guger A., Marterbauer M. and Walterskirchen, E. 2006. Growth Policy in the Spirit of Steindl and Kalecki. Metroeconomica, 57(3), 428–442.

Guger A., Marterbauer M. and Walterskirchen, E. 2006. Zur Aktualität der Politischen Ökonomie von Josef Steindl. Kurswechsel, 4/2006, 18-26, available at http://ewald. walterskirchen. wifo. ac. at/ .

Guger, A., Marterbauer, M., and Walterskirchen, E. 2004. Growth Policy in the Spirit of Steindl and Kalecki. WIFO Working papers, 240, 2004, available at: http://ewald. walterskirchen. wifo. ac. at/ .

Gwartney, J. D.; Lawson, R. A. and Holcombe, R. G. 1999. Economic freedom and the environment for growth. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics – Zeitschrift fuer die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 155(4): 643-663.

Halal, W. E. 1988. The New Capitalism. Futurist, 22(1): 26-32.

Hall, R. E. and Jones, Ch. I. 1999. Why Do Some Countries Produce so Much More Output per Worker than Others? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 83-116.

Hamid, A. 2007. Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Global Data. Defence and Peace Economics, 2007. 18(6), December, pp. 519–535.

Hatton, T. J. and Williamson, J. A. 2009. Vanishing Third World Emigrants? Harvard University, Department of Economics, available at: http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/williamson/jwilliamworkingpapers .

Hayek, F. A. 1945. The Use of Knowledge in Society. American Economic Review, 35, 4: 519-530.

Hayek, F. A. 1989. The collected works of F.A. Hayek / edited by W.W. Bartley III. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.

Haynes, J. 2001. Transnational religious actors and international politics. Third World Quarterly, 22(2): 143-158.

Heintz, P. 1972. A macrosociological theory of societal systems; with special reference to the international system. Bern: H. Huber.

Helliwell, J. F. 1994. Empirical linkages between democracy and economic growth. British Journal of Political Science, 24(April): 225-248.

Heo, U. 1998. Modeling the defense-growth relationship around the globe. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(5): 637-657.

Herkenrath M. 2003. Transnationale Konzerne im Weltsystem. Globale Unternehmen, nationale Wirtschaftspolitik und das Problem nachholender Entwicklung. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.

Herkenrath, M. and Bornschier, V. 2003. Transnational Corporations in World Development – Still the Same Harmful Effects in an Increasingly Globalized World Economy? Journal of world-systems research, ix(1), winter 2003, 105–139, http://jwsr. ucr. edu, issn 1076–156x.

Herkenrath, M., Koenig C., Scholtz, H. and Volken, Th. 2005. Convergence and Divergence in the Contemporary World System: An Introduction. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, vol. 46(5-6), 363-382.

Hertz, E., Hebert, J. R., Landon, J. 1994. Social and environmental factors and life expectancy, infant mortality and maternal mortality rates. Results of a cross-national comparison. Social Science & Medicine, 39(1): 105-114.

Heshmati, A. 2006a. Measurement of a Multidimensional Index of Globalization. Global Economy Journal, 6 (2), Paper 1.

Heshmati, A. 2006b. The World Distribution of Income and Income Inequality: A Review of the Economic Literature’, Journal of World Systems Research, 12 (1), 61-107.

Heshmati, A. 2007. Global Trends in Income Inequality. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Heshmati, A. and Tausch, A. (Eds.) 2007. Roadmap to Bangalore? Globalization, the EU’s Lisbon process and the structures of global inequality. Haupauge, New York, NY: Nova Science Publishing.

Holmberg, S.; Rothstein, B.; Nasiritousi, N. 2009. Quality of Government: What You Get. Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 135-161.

Huntington, S. P. 1968. Political order in changing societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Huntington, S. P. 1996. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon & Schuster.

IMF 2009. World Economic Outlook database available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/download.aspx.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2003. Consumption and Environmental Degradation: A Cross-National Analysis of the Ecological Footprint. Social Problems, Vol. 50(3), 374-394.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2004. Global Inequality, Water Pollution, and Infant Mortality. The Social Science Journal, 41(2), 279-288.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2004. Uneven Processes and Environmental Degradation in the World-Economy. Human Ecology Review, 11(2), 103-117.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2005. Unpacking International Power and the Ecological Footprints of Nations: A Quantitative Cross-National Study. Sociological Perspectives, 48(3), 383-402.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2006. Global Warming and the Neglected Greenhouse Gas: A Cross-National Study of the Social Causes of Methane Emissions Intensity, 1995. Social Forces, 84(3), 1779-1798.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2006. Unequal Ecological Exchange and Environmental Degradation: A Theoretical Proposition and Cross-National Study of Deforestation, 1990-2000. Rural Sociology, 71(4), 685-712.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2007. Does foreign investment harm the air we breathe and the water we drink? A cross-national study of carbon dioxide emissions and organic water pollution in less-developed countries, 1975 to 2000. Organization & Environment, 20(2), 135-157.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2007. Foreign Direct Investment and Pesticide Use Intensity in Less-Developed Countries: A Quantitative Investigation. Society and Natural Resources, 20(1), 73-83.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2008. Structural Integration and the Trees: An Analysis of Deforestation in Less-Developed Countries, 1990-2005. The Sociological Quarterly, 49(3), 503-527, Summer 2008.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2009. Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment, the Mitigating Influence of Institutional and Civil Society Factors, and Relationships Between Industrial Pollution and Human Health. Organization & Environment, 22(2), 135-157.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2009. Political-Economic Integration, Industrial Pollution and Human Health A Panel Study of Less-Developed Countries, 1980-2000. International Sociology, 24(1), 115-143.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2009. The Sociology of Unequal Exchange in Ecological Context: A Panel Study of Lower-Income Countries, 1975-2000. Sociological Forum, 24(1), 22-46.

Jorgenson, A. K. 2009. The Transnational Organization of Production, the Scale of Degradation, and Ecoefficiency: A Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Less-Developed Countries. Human Ecology Review, 16(1), 64-74.

Jorgenson, A. K. and Burns, T. J. 2007. The political-economic causes of change in the ecological footprints of nations, 1991-2001: A quantitative investigation. Social Science Research, 36(2), 834-853.

Jorgenson, A. K. and Burns, Th. J. 2004. Globalization, the Environment, and Infant Mortality: A Cross National Study. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 28(1), 7-52.

Jorgenson, A. K. and Clark, B. 2009. The Economy, Military, and Ecologically Unequal Exchange Relationships in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1975-2000. Social Problems, 56(4), 621-646.

Jorgenson, A. K. and Kuykendall, K. A. 2008. Globalization, Foreign Investment Dependence and Agriculture Production: Pesticide and Fertilizer Use in Less-developed Countries, 1990-2000. Social Forces, 87(1), 529-560.

Jorgenson, A. K., and Burns, T. J. 2004. Globalization, the Environment, and Infant Mortality: A Cross National Study. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 28(1), 7-52.

Jorgenson, A. K., Austin, K. and Dick, Ch. 2009. Ecologically Unequal Exchange and the Resource Consumption/Environmental Degradation Paradox. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 50(3-4), 263-284.

Jorgenson, A. K., Dick, C., and Mahutga, M. C. 2007. Foreign investment dependence and the environment: An ecostructural approach. Social Problems, 54(3), 371-394.

Kakwani, N. 1993. Performance in Living Standards. An International Comparison. Journal of Development Economics, 41(2): 307-336.

Kakwani, N. 1995. Structural Adjustment and Performance in Living Standards in Developing Countries. Development and Change, 26(3): 469-502.

Kalecki, M. 1943. Political aspects of full employment. Political Quarterly, 14 (4), pp. 322–331.

Kalecki, M. 1966. Studies in the theory of business cycles, 1933-1939. New York, A. M. Kelley.

Kalecki, M. 1968. Theory of economic dynamics; an essay on cyclical and long-run changes in capitalist economy. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Kalecki, M. 1968. Trend and business cycle reconsidered. The Economic Journal, 78 (310), pp. 263–276.

Kalecki, M. 1971. Selected essays on the dynamics of the capitalist economy 1933-1970. Cambridge [Eng. ]: Cambridge University Press.

Kalecki, M. 1979. Essays on Developing Economies. With an Introduction by Professor Joan Robinson. Hassocks, Sussex: The Harvester Press.

Kalecki, M. 1996. The maintenance of full employment after the transition period: A comparison of the problem in the United States and United Kingdom (Reprinted from International Labour Review, vol 52, 1945), International Labour Review, 135(3-4), 359-365.

Kalecki, M. and Feiwel, G. R. 1972. The last phase in the transformation of capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Kamarck, A. M. 1976. The Tropics and Economic Development: A Provocative Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.

Kearney, A. T., Inc., and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2002. Globalizations Last Hurrah?’ Foreign Policy, January/February: 38-51.

Kearney, A. T., Inc., and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2003. Measuring Globalization: Whos up, whos down?’ Foreign Policy, January/February: 60-72.

Kentor J. 1998. ‘The Long-Term Effects of Foreign Investment Dependence on Economic Growth 1940–1990.’ American Journal of Sociology, 103 (4), 1024–1046.

Kentor J. and Boswell T. 2003. ‘Foreign Capital Dependence and Development: A New Direction.’ American Sociological Review, 68 (2):301-313.

Kentor, J. 1998. The Long-Term Effects of Foreign Investment Dependence on Economic Growth, 1940-1990. The American Journal of Sociology, 103 (4), 1024-1046.

Kerbo H. 2005a. ‘Foreign Investment and Disparities in Economic Development and Poverty Reduction: A Comparative-Historical Analysis of the Buddhist Countries of Southeast Asia.’ International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46, 425-459.

Kerbo H. 2005b. World Poverty: The Roots of Global Inequality and the Modern World System. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Khan, H. 1991. Measurement and Determinants of Socioeconomic Development. Social Indicators Research, 24(2): 153-175.

King, L. A. 1998. Economic growth and basic human needs. International Studies Quarterly, 42(2): 385-400.

Klitgaard, R. and Fedderke, J. 1995. Social integration and disintegration: An exploratory analysis of cross-country data. World Development, 23 (3), 357-369.

Knight, K. W. and Rosa E. A. 2011. The environmental efficiency of well-being: A cross-national analysis. Social Science Research, 40(3): 931-949.

Kohler, G. and Tausch, A. 2001. ‘Global Keynesianism: unequal exchange and global exploitation’ Huntington, N. Y.: Nova Science Publishers.

Kohr, L. 1957. The breakdown of nations. New York, Rinehart

Kohr, L. 1958. The Velocity Theory of Population. Land Economics, 34(2), 178-181.

Kohr, L. 1960. The History of the Common Market. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 20(3): 441-454.

Kohr, L. 1977. The overdeveloped nations: the diseconomies of scale. New York: Schocken Books

Kohr, L. 1992. Leopold Kohr on the Desirable Scale of States. Population and Development Review, Vol. 18(4): 745-750.

Kormendi, R. C. and Meguire, P. 1985. Macroeconomic determinants of growth: Crosscountry evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 16(2), 141–63.

Korotayev, A. V. and Tsirel, S. V. 2010. A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008–2009 Economic Crisis. Structure and Dynamics, 4(1), Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9jv108xp

Krasilshchikov, V. 2008. The Rise and Decline of Catching Up Development. An Experience of Russia and Latin America with Implications for Asian Tigers. Entelequia, Revista Interdisciplinar, e-books, Málaga, available from Internet: http://www.eumed.net/entelequia/en.lib.php?a=b008.

Kuznets, S. 1940. Schumpeters Business Cycles. The American Economic Review, 30 (2) 157 - 69.

Kuznets, S. 1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, 45, 1: 1-28.

Kuznets, S. 1976. Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

La Porta, R., Lopez de Silanes, F., Shlejfer A. et al. 1999. The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 15(1): 222-279.

Laver, M. and Shepsle, K. A. 1999. Understanding Government Survival: Empirical Exploration or Analytical Models? British Journal of Political Science, 29(2), 395-401.

Lawrence, K. S 2009. The Thermodynamics of Unequal Exchange. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 50(3-4), 335-359.

Levine, R. E. and Renelt, D. 1992. Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions. The American Economic Review, 82(4), 942-963.

Longo, F. 2008. Quality of governance: Impartiality is not enough. Governance. An International Journal of Policy Administration and Institutions. 21(2): 191-196.

Longo, S., York, R. 2008. Agricultural Exports and the Environment: A Cross-National Study of Fertilizer and Pesticide Consumption. Rural Sociology, 73(1), 82-104.

Mahutga, M. C. and Bandelji, N. 2008. Foreign Investment and Income Inequality: The Natural Experiment of Central and Eastern Europe. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 49(6), 429-454.

Mandelbaum, K. 1945. The industrialisation of backward areas by K. Mandelbaum, assisted by J. R. L. Schneider. Oxford: B. Blackwell.

Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. and Weil, D. N. 1992. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.

Martin, P. and Straubhaar, T. 2002. Best practices to reduce migration pressures. International Migration, 40(3): 5-23.

Massey, D. S. et al. 1993. Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3): 431-466

Matt, A. 2010. Good Government Means Different Things in Different Countries. Governance. An International Journal of Policy Administration and Institutions. 23(1): 7-35.

Mazumdar, K. 1996. An analysis of causal flow between social development and economic growth: The social development index. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 55(3): 361-383.

Mazumdar, K. 2000. Causal flow between human well-being and per capita real gross domestic product. Social Indicators Research, 50(3): 297-313.

McDowell, L. 1992. Doing Gender. Feminism, Feminists and Research Methods in Human Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17(4): 399-416.

Meadows, D. H. 1992. Smart development, not dumb growth. Technology Review, 95(6): 68-89.

Mintz, A. and Stevenson, R. T. 1995. Defense expenditures, economic growth, and the peace-dividend. A longitudinal analysis of 103 countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39(2): 283-305.

Molle, W. and Boeckhout, S. 1995. Economic disparity under conditions of integration. A long term view of the European case. Papers in Regional Science, 74(2): 105-123.

Moon, B. E. and Dixon, W. J. 1992. Basic Needs and Growth Welfare Trade-Offs. International Studies Quarterly, 36(2): 191-212.

Mostafa, M. M. 2010a. A Bayesian approach to analyzing the ecological footprint of 140 nations. Ecological Indicators, 10(4), 808-817.

Mostafa, M. M. 2010b. Clustering the ecological footprint of nations using Kohonens self-organizing maps. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(4), 2747-2755.

Mostafa, M. M. and Nataraajan, R. 2009. A neuro-computational intelligence analysis of the ecological footprint of nations. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 53(9), 3516-3531.

Newman, B. A. and Thomson, R. J. 1989. Economic Growth and Social Development. A Longitudinal Analysis of Causal Priority. World Development, 17(4): 461-471.

Ng, Y. -K. 2008a. Environmentally responsible happy nation index: Towards an internationally acceptable national success indicator. Social Indicators Research, (85), 3: 425-446.

Ng, Y. -K. 2008b. Happiness studies: Ways to improve comparability and some public policy implications. Economic Record, 84, June: 253-266.

Nugent, C. and Shandra, J. M. 2009. State Environmental Protection Efforts, Womens Status, and World Polity. A Cross-National Analysis. Organization&Environment, 22(3), 293-310.

Orloff, A. 1996. Gender in the welfare state. Annual Review of Sociology, 22: 51-78.

Oswald, A. J. 1997. Happiness and economic performance. Economic Journal, 107(445): 1815-1831.

Paya, I.; Venetis, I. A.; Peel, D. A. 2003. Further evidence on PPP adjustment speeds: The case of effective real exchange rates and the EMS. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65(4): 421-437.

Poe, S. C. and Tate, C. N. 1994. Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s. A Global Analysis. American Political Science Review, 88(4): 853-872.

Poza, E. 1989. Smart growth: critical choices for business continuity and prosperity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Prebisch, R. 1950. The economic development of Latin America and its principal problems. Economic Commission for Latin America, New York: United Nations Department of Economic Affairs.

Prebisch, R. 1983. The crisis of capitalism and international trade ECLAC Review/Revista de la CEPAL (Santiago), 20, August: 51 - 74.

Prebisch, R. 1988. Dependence, development, and interdependence. In: G. Ranis and T. P. Schultz (Eds.). The State of Development Economics, 31 - 41. Oxford, United Kingdom: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

Ram, R. 1982. Composite Indices of Physical Quality of Life, Basic Needs Fulfillment, and Income. A Principal Component Representation. Journal of Development Economics, 11(2): 227-247.

Ram, R. 1986. Government Size and Economic Growth. A New Framework and Some Evidence from Cross-Section and Time-Series Data. American Economic Review, 76(1): 191-203.

Ram, R. 1997. Tropics and development: an empirical investigation. World Development, 25(9): 1443-1452.

Rankin K. N. 2002. Social capital, microfinance, and the politics of development. Feminist Economics, 8(1): 1-24.

Rennstich, J. 2007. Is Globalization self-organizing? In: G. Modelski, T. C. Devezas, W. R. Thompson (Eds.)). Globalization as Evolutionary Process. Modeling Global Change, 74 – 107. London and New York: Routledge.

Reuveny, R. and Li Q. 2003. Economic Openness, Democracy, and Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis. Comparative Political Studies, 36(5), 575-601.

Reuveny, R. and Thompson, W. W. 2004. World Economic Growth, Systemic Leadership, and Southern Debt Crises. Journal of Peace Research, 41(1) 5-24.

Rodriguez, F. and Rodrik, D. 2001. Trade policy and economic growth: A sceptics guide to the cross-national evidence. In Bernanke, B. S. and Rogoff, K., Editors, NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Rodrik, D. 2006. Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion? A Review of the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform. Journal of Economic Literature, 44, 2006: 973-987.

Rodrik, D.; Subramanian, A.; Trebbi, F. 2004. Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of Economic Growth, 9(2): 131-165.

Rondinelli, D. A. 1987. Export processing zones and economic development in Asia. A review and reassessment of a means of promoting growth and jobs. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 46(1): 89-105.

Rosenstein-Rodan, P. N. 1964. Capital formation and economic development. London: Allen & Unwin.

Ross, R. J. S. 2004. Slaves to Fashion. Poverty and Abuse in the New Sweatshops. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Rothschild, K. W. 1944. The Small Nation and World Trade. The Economic Journal, April: 26 - 40.

Rothschild, K. W. 1954. The theory of wages. Oxford: Blackwell.

Rothschild, K. W. 1957. Der Lohnanteil am Gesamteinkommen: einige Bemerkungen zu einem umstrittenen Problem. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 78 (2), 157 – 202.

Rothschild, K. W. 1958. Einkommensbildung und Einkommensverteilung. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 80 (2), 53 – 58.

Rothschild, K. W. 1959. The limitations of economic growth models. Kyklos, 12 (4), 567-588.

Rothschild, K. W. 1964. Surveys of foreign postwar developments in economic thought. The American economic review, 54 (2), 1 – 55.

Rothschild, K. W. 1965. Theme and variations, remarks on the Kaldorian distribution formula. Kyklos, 18 (4), 652 – 669.

Rothstein, B. and Teorell, J. 2008. What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions. Governance. An International Journal of Policy Administration and Institutions. 21(2): 165-190.

Rubinson, R. 1976. The World Economy and the Distribution of Income within States – a Cross-national Study. American Sociological Review, 41 (4), 638 – 659.

Rudra, N. 2009. Why International Organizations Should Bring Basic Needs Back in. International Studies Perspectives, 10(2): 129-150.

Sala-I-Martin X.; Doppelhofer, G. and Miller, R. I. 2004. ‚Determinants of Long-Term Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach. American Economic Review, 94(4), 813-835.

Sala-i-Martin, X. 1997. I Just Ran Two Million Regressions The American Economic Review, 87(2), Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, May, 1997, 178-183.

Samuelson, P. 1964. Theoretical Notes on Trade Problems. Review of Economics and Statistics, 46, 145-154.

Sanderson, M. 2010. International Migration and Human Development in Destination Countries: A Cross-National Analysis of Less-Developed Countries, 1970-2005. Social Indicators Research, 96(1), 59-83.

Sanderson, M. R. and Kentor, J. 2008. Foreign Direct Investment and International Migration: A Cross-National Analysis of Less-Developed Countries, 1985-2000. International Sociology, 23(4), 514-539.

Sanderson, M. R. and Kentor, J. D. 2009. ‚Globalization, Development and International Migration: A Cross-National Analysis of Less-Developed Countries, 1970-2000. Social Forces, 88(1), 301-336.

Scanlan, S. 2004. Women, Food Security, and Development in Less-Industrialized Societies: Contributions and Challenges for the New Century. World Development, 32(11), 1807-1829.

Schumacher, E. F. 1973a. Small is beautiful; economics as if people mattered. New York: Harper & Row.

Schumacher, E. F. 1973b. Western Europe's Energy Crisis: A Problem of Life-Styles. Ambio, Vol. 2(6): 228-232.

Schumacher, E. F. 1976. Patterns of Human Settlement. Ambio, 5(3): 91-97.

Schumacher, E. F. 1977. A guide for the perplexed. New York: Harper & Row.

Schumpeter, J. A. 1908. Wesen und Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. [The Nature and Essence of Economic Theory. Rutgers, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2009].

Schumpeter, J. A. 1912. Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot [The Theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle / by Joseph A. Schumpeter; translated from the German by Redvers Opie. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1934].

Schumpeter, J. A. 1939. Business cycles. A theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. New York, London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Schumpeter, J. A. 1942. The Process of Creative Destruction. London: Unwin.

Schumpeter, J. A. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York & London: Harper & Row

Schumpeter, J. A. 1954. History of economic analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.

Seers, D. and Öström, K. (Eds.) 1983. The Crises of the European regions. London: Macmillan in association with the European Association of Development Institutes.

Seers, D. Ed. 1981. Dependency theory: a critical reassessment. London: Pinter.

Seers, D., Schaffer, B. and Kiljunen, M.-L. 1979. Underdeveloped Europe: studies in core-periphery relations. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press.

Seers, D., Vaitsos C, with the assistance of Marja-Liisa Kiljunen 1980. Integration and unequal development: the experience of the EEC. London: Macmillan.

Selden, T. M. and Song, D. Q. 1994. Environmental quality and development. Is there are Kuznets curve for air pollution emissions? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2): 147-162.

Shandra, J. M. 2007a. Economic dependency, repression, and deforestation: A quantitative, cross-national analysis. Sociological Inquiry, 77(4), 543-571.

Shandra, J. M. 2007b. International Nongovernmental Organizations and Deforestation: Good, Bad, or Irrelevant? Social Science Quarterly, 88(3), 665-689.

Shandra, J. M., Leckband, C. and London, B. 2009. Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Deforestation: A Cross-National Analysis of Forestry Export Flows. Organization&Environment, 22(2), 208-229.

Shandra, J. M., Leckband, Ch., McKinney, L. A., and London, B. 2009. Ecologically Unequal Exchange, World Polity, and Biodiversity Loss. A Cross-National Analysis of Threatened Mammals. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 50(3-4), 285-310.

Shandra, J. M., London B., Whooley, O. P. and Williamson, J. B. 2004. International Nongovernmental Organizations and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis. Sociological Inquiry, 74(4), 520-545.

Shandra, J. M., London, B., and Williamson, J. B. 2003. Environmental Degradation, Environmental Sustainability, and Overurbanization in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis. Sociological Perspectives, 46(3), 309-329.

Shandra, J. M., Nobles, J. E., London, B., and Williamson, J. B 2005. Multinational Corporations, Democracy and Child Mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Developing Countries. Social Indicators Research, 73(2), 267-293.

Shandra, J. M., Nobles, J., London, B., and Williamson, J. B. 2004. Dependency, Democracy, and Infant Mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Less Developed Countries. Social Science & Medicine, 59(2), 321-333.

Shandra, J. M., Shandra, C. L. and London, B. 2008. Women, non-governmental organizations, and deforestation: a cross-national study. Population and Environment, 30(1-2), 48-72.

Shandra, J. M., Shandra, C. L. and London, B. 2010. Do Non-Governmental Organizations Impact Health? A Cross-National Analysis of Infant Mortality. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 51(1-2), 137-164.

Shandra, J. M., Shor, E. and London, B. 2009. World Polity, Unequal Ecological Exchange, and Organic Water Pollution: A Cross-National Analysis of Developing Nations. Human Ecology Review, 16(1), 53-63.

Shandra, J. M., Shor, E. and London, Bruce 2008. Debt, Structural Adjustment, and Organic Water Pollution. Organization & Environment, 21(1), 38-55.

Singa Boyenge, J. -P. 2007. ILO database on export processing zones (Revised), WP. 251; SECTORAL ACTIVITIES PROGRAMME; Working Paper; International Labour Office; Geneva, April 2007.

Singa Boyenge, J-P 2007. ILO database on export processing zones. (Revised). WP.251; SECTORAL ACTIVITIES PROGRAMME; Working Paper; International Labour Office; Geneva, April 2007.

Singer, H. W. 1975. ‚The strategy of international development: essays in the economics of backwardness. H. W. Singer; edited by Alec Cairncross and Mohinder Puri. London: Macmillan.

Singer, H. W. and Ansari, J. A. 1988. Rich and poor countries: consequences of international economic disorder. London; Boston: Unwin Hyman.

Singer, H. W. and Roy, S. 1993. Economic progress and prospects in the Third World: lessons of development experience since 1945. Aldershot, England; Brookfield, Vt., USA: E. Elgar.

Singh, R. D. 1985. State intervention, foreign economic aid, savings and growth in LDCs. Some Recent Evidence. Kyklos, 38(2): 216-232.

Skaggs, K. A. S. 2010. Implications of emerging neoliberal politics on conservation governance in the South Carolina Low country. Masters Abstracts International, vol. 48, no. 06, pp. 3385.

SPSS 2007. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, User Guide. Version 14, August 2007.

Stavins, R. N., 2002. Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments. FEEM Working Paper No. 52. 2002; KSG Working Paper No. 00-004. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=199848 or doi:10. 2139/ssrn. 199848 .

Steindl, J. 1952. Maturity and Stagnation in American Capitalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Steindl, J. 1979. Stagnation theory and stagnation policy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1979(3), 1-14.

Steindl, J. 1988. Diskussionsbeitrag zur EG-Frage. Kurswechsel, 4 (3), pp. 3–7.

Steindl, J. 1990. Economic Papers 1941-88. Basingstoke: MacMillan.

Stern, D. I. 2004. The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development, 32(8): 1419-1439.

Stern, D. I., Common, M. S. and Barbier, E. B. 1996. Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development, 24(7): 1151-1160.

Stevenson, B. and Wolfers, J. 2008. Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox. IZA Discussion Paper Series, IZA DP No. 3654, IZA Bonn, available at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp3654.pdf

Sunkel, O. (Ed.) 2003. Development from within: toward a neostructuralist approach for Latin America. Boulder, CO: L. Rienner.

Sunkel, O. 1966. The Structural Background of Development Problems in Latin America. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 97(1), 22 - 63

Sunkel, O. 1973. Transnational capitalism and national disintegration in Latin America. Social and Economic Studies, 22 (1), 132 - 76.

Sunkel, O. 1978. The Development of Development Thinking. In: J. J. Villamil (Ed.) Transnational Capitalism and National Development. New Perspectives on Dependence, 19 - 30, Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.

Sylwester, K. 2000. Income inequality, education expenditures, and growth. Journal of Development Economics, 63(2): 379-398.

Tausch, A. 2003. Social Cohesion, Sustainable Development and Turkey's Accession to the European Union: Implications from a Global Model. Alternatives. Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 2(1), 2003.

Tausch, A. 2005. Is Islam really a development blockade? Insight Turkey, vol. 7(1), 124-135, Jan-Mar.

Tausch, A. 2007. Quantitative World System Studies Contradict Current Islamophobia: World Political Cycles, Global Terrorism, and World Development. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, vol. 6(1)-2, 15-81, spring-summer 2007. .

Tausch, A. 2007. War Cycles’ Social Evolution and History (Moscow), 6 (2), 39 – 74.

Tausch, A. 2008. Разрушительное созидание? (Рассуждения в духе Шумпетера о некоторых трендах и Лиссабонском процессе в Европе) [Destructive Creation’ (Schumpeter-Style Reasonings on Some Trends and Lisbon Process in Europe)]. Mirovaja ekonomika i meždunarodnyje otnošenija, (Moscow). 10, 2008, 34 – 41.

Tausch, A. 2010. ‘Dataset for ‘Globalization, the human condition and sustainable development in the 21st Century. Cross-national perspectives and European implications‘’ available at http://www.hichemkaroui.com/?p=2383 Social Sciences and Humanities – MESOJ (Middle East Studies Online Journal - ISSN 2109-9618) - (2010) Volume 1 No 2.

Tausch, A. and Ghymers, Ch. 2006. From the Washington towards a Vienna Consensus? A quantitative analysis on globalization, development and global governance. Hauppauge NY: Nova Science.

Tausch, A. and Prager, F. 1993. Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan/St. Martins Press.

Taylor, A. M. 1992. External dependence, demographic burdens, and Argentine economic decline after the Belle Epoque. Journal of Economic History, 52(4): 907-936.

Taylor, J. E. 1999. The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process. International Migration, 37(1): 63-88

Taylor, J. E. 2006. International Migration and Economic Development. UN/POP/MIG/SYMP/2006/09, 26 June 2006, INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, Turin, Italy, 28-30 June 2006, available at: http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/turin/Symposium_Turin_files/P09_SYMP_Taylor.pdf

Tsai, P.-L. 1995. Foreign direct investment and income inequality: Further evidence. World Development, 23 (3), 469-483.

United Nations (current issues) United Nations Human Development Report. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2009. World Investment Report. New York and Geneva: United Nations.

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLAC/CEPAL, 2002. Globalización y desarrollo. available at: http://www.eclac.cl/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/6/10026/P10026.xml&xsl=/tpl/p9f.xsl&base=/MDG/tpl/top-bottom.xsl.

Veenhoven, R. 1996. Happy Life-expectancy. A comprehensive measure of quality-of-life in nations. Social Indicators Research, (39), 1-58.

Wallerstein, I. 2000. The Essential Wallerstein. New York: The New Press.

Weede, E. 1980. Beyond Misspecification in Sociological Analyses of Income Inequality. American Sociological Review, 45, 497-501.

Weede, E. 1981a. Dependency Theories and Economic Growth: A Cross-National Study. Koelner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 33(4), 690-707.

Weede, E. 1981b. Militär, Multis und Wirtschaft. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie/Revue Suisse de sociologie, 7(1): 113-127.

Weede, E. 1983. Military Participation Ratio. Human Capital Formation and Economic Growth: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 11:11-29.

Weede, E. 1985. Entwicklungsländer in der Weltgesellschaft. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

Weede, E. 1986. Rent Seeking, Military Participation and Economic Performance in LDCs. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 30:291-314.

Weede, E. 1993. The Impact of Military Participation on Economic Growth and Income Inequality: Some New Evidence. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 21:241-258

Weede, E. 2002. Impact of Intelligence and Institutional Improvements on Economic Growth. Kyklos, 55 (3), 361 - 380.

Weede, E. 2004. Does Human Capital Strongly Affect Economic Growth Rates? Yes, But Only If Assessed Properly. Comparative Sociology, 3 (2), 115 - 134.

Weede, E. and Jagodzinski W. 1980. Weltpolitische und ökonomische Determinanten einer ungleichen Einkommensverteilung. Eine international vergleichende Studie. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 9, 132-148.

Weede, E. and Kampf, S. 2002. The impact of intelligence and institutional improvements on economic growth. Kyklos, 55(3): 361-380.

Weede, E. and Tiefenbach, H. 1980a. Correlates of the Size Distribution of Income in Cross-National Analyses. Journal of Politics, 43(4), 1029-1041.

Weede, E. and Tiefenbach, H. 1980b. Some Recent Explanations of Income Inequality: An Evaluation and Critique. International Studies Quarterly, 25, 255-282.

Weede, E. and Tiefenbach, H. 1981. Three Dependency Explanations of Economic Growth: A Critical Evaluation. European Journal of Political Research, 9(4), 391-406.

Wilkinson R. G. and Picket K. E. 2006. Income inequality and population health: A review and explanation of the evidence. British Medical Journal, BMJ, 62 (7): 1768-1784, April.

Wilkinson, R. G. 1992. For Debate – Income Distribution and Life Expectancy. British Medical Journal, BMJ, 304, 6820: 165-168.

Wilkinson, R. G. 1997. Socioeconomic determinants of health - Health inequalities: Relative or absolute material standards? British Medical Journal, BMJ, 314, 7080: 591-595, published February 22, 1997.

Williamson, J. A. 2002. Is Protection Bad for Growth? Will Globalization Last? Looking for Answers in History. Presented at the 13th IEHA Congress, Buenos Aires, August 22-26, 2002 Draft Date: June 2002. Available at: http://www. economics. harvard. edu/faculty/williamson/jwilliamworkingpapers (download: August 1, 2011).

World Bank. 2005. Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform. Washington, DC.: World Bank.

York, R., Rosa, E. A. and Dietz, T. 2003. Footprints on the earth: The environmental consequences of modernity. American Sociological Review, 68(2): 279-300.

Ziesemer, T. H. W. 2009. Worker Remittances and Growth: The Physical and Human Capital Channels. Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik, 229(6): 743-773.