Introduction : Malaise dans la science économique ?

Akhabbar, Amanar (2019): Introduction : Malaise dans la science économique ? Published in:

Abstract

This is the introductive chapter to the book "Wassily Leontief and Economics", published in February 2019 (ENS editions). Economists produce their statements and forecasts from devices articulating abstract theories with mathematical models and statistical instruments of measurement. What is the empirical significance of these theories, models and instruments? We consider this question from the reflection of Wassily Leontief, 1973 Nobel Prize winner, on the role of mathematics and statistical analysis in economics. His perspective makes it possible to reconsider why, in economics, "the connection does not go by itself" between the theory and the observation, according to the expression of Alain Desrosières. We reconstruct Leontief’s methodology of economics as an empirical science. From there, we show how the input-output device paves the way to empirical and disaggregated macroeconomics.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• English Title: Introduction: Economics and Its Discontents
• Language: French
• Keywords: economics; economic methodology; history of economic thought; Leontief; macroeconomics; input-output analysis
• Subjects: B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B0 - General > B00 - General; B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925 > B21 - Microeconomics; B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925 > B22 - Macroeconomics; B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925 > B23 - Econometrics ; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies

References

Abraham-Frois, Gilbert. 2005. “Sur le caractère inadéquat du “résidu de Solow” et la sous-estimation des progrès de productivité”, Revue économique, 56(3), p. 715-724.

Acemoglu, Daron, Asuman Ozdaglar et Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi. 2010. “Cascades in Networks Aggregate Volatility”, Working Paper 16516, National Bureau of Economic Research.

Acemoglu, Daron, Vasco M. Carvalho, Asuman Ozdaglar et Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi. 2012. “The Network Origins of Aggregate Fluctuations”, Econometrica, 80(5), p. 1977-2016. Aghion, Philippe. 2016. Entretien avec Kévin Badeau, Les Echos, 9 septembre 2016.

Akhabbar, Amanar. 2007. “Leontief et l’économie comme science empirique : la signification opérationnelle des lois”, Économies et Sociétés, série PE, 39, p. 1745-1788.

_____2008. Wassily Leontief et l’analyse input-output : Essai d’histoire et d’épistémologie. Thèse de doctorat ès sciences économiques, Université Paris Panthéon-Sorbonne.

_____2010. “L’étrange victoire. Wassily Leontief et la transformation de la science économique. De la “planification sans théorie” à la “mesure sans théorie”, 1920-1949”, Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales, XLVIII(145), p. 33-62.

_____2011a. “Anne P. Carter : A Biographical Note”, Œconomia, I(1), Numéro spécial “Women in Economics Profession”, p. 9-18.

_____2011b [2013]. “Tableaux économiques et analyse des business cycles chez Marschak, Frisch et Leontief”, in Arnaud Diemer et Jean-Pierre Potier (dir.) (2013), Léon Walras : un siècle après (1910-2010). Bruxelles : Éditions Peter Lang, p. 191-226.

_____2014a. “Circulation du capital et explication du changement économique chez Marschak, Frisch et Leontief”, Cahiers d’économie politique / Papers in Political Economy, 67(2), p. 119-158.

_____2014b. “Statistical Economic Balances in Unbalanced Times. The Balance of the National Economy of the USSR, 1923‐24: Pavel Illich Popov’s Contribution”, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, A(32), p. 167-216.

_____2014c. “Samuelson and the Non-Substitution Theorem : Some Methodological Remarks”, in François Allisson et Roberto Baranzini (dir.) (2014), Economics and Other Branches: In the Shade of the Oak Tree. Londres : Pickering & Chatto, p. 309-316.

_____2014d. “La Direction centrale de la statistique et la Balance de l’économie nationale de l’URSS en 1923—24”, Œconomia, 4(2), p. 147-188.

_____2018. “Changement économique et matrice input-output”, Document de travail, ESSCA work, disponible en ligne. Allais, Maurice. 1953a. “Le comportement de l’homme rationnel devant le risque : critique des postulats et axiomes de l’école Américaine”, Econometrica, 21(4), p. 503-546.

Allais, Maurice. 1953b. “La psychologie de l’homme rationnel devant le risque : la théorie et l’expérience”, Journal de la société statistique de Paris, 94, p. 47-73.

Allisson, François. 2014. “Tugan-Baranovsky on Socialism : From Utopia to the Economic Plan”, Œconomia, 4(1), p. 35-53.

_____2015. Value and Prices in Russian Economic Thought : A Journey Inside the Russian Synthesis, 1890-1920. Londres : Routledge.

Almon, Clopper. 1985. Interindustry Forecasts of the American Economy. Washington D.C. : Heath.

Anderson, Richard G., William H. Greene, B.D. McCullough, et H.D. Vinod. 2008. “The Role of Data and Code Archives in the Future of Economic Research”, Journal of Economic Methodology, 15(1), p. 99-119.

Angrist, Joshua, et Jörn-Steffen Pischke. 2010. “The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics : How Better Research Design is Taking the Con out of Econometrics”, NBER Working paper Series, WP 15794.

Armatte, Michel. 1992. “Conjonctions, conjoncture, et conjecture. Les baromètres économiques (1885-1930)”, Histoire et mesure, 7(1-2), p. 99-149.

_____2001. “Le statut changeant de la corrélation en économétrie (1910-1944)”, Revue économique, 52(3),‎ p. 617-631.

_____2010. La science économique comme ingénierie : quantification et modélisation. Paris : Presses des Mines.

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1951. “Alternative Proof of the Substitution Theorem for Leontief Models in the General Case”, in Tjalling C. Koopmans (dir.) (1951), p. 155-164.

_____1953. “Review of Studies in the Structure of the American Economy by Wassily Leontief (ed.)”, The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, 26(4), p. 267-269.

d’Autume, Antoine. 2000. “L’essor de la macroéconomie”, in Alain Béraud et Gilbert Faccarello (dir.) (2000), p. 417-444.

Backhouse, Roger E., et Jeff Biddle. 2000. “The Concept of Applied Economics: A History of Ambiguity and Multiple Meanings”, History of Political Economy, 32(4), Annual Supplement, p. 1-24.

Baumol, William J., Sue Anne Batey Blackman et Edward N. Wolff 1985. “Unbalanced Growth Revisited : Asymptotic Stagnancy and New Evidence”, The American Economic Review, 75(4), p. 806-817.

_____et Thijs ten Raa. 2011. “Anne Carter and Input-Output : Technology, Trade, and Pollution”, Numéro spécial “Women in Economics Profession”, dirigé par Amanar Akhabbar, Œconomia, 1(1), p. 59-72.

Baumol, William J. 1967. “Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth : The Anatomy of Urban Crisis”, The American Economic Review, 57(3), p. 415-426.

_____2000a. “What Marshall Didn't Know : On the Twentieth Century's Contributions to Economics”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), p. 1-44.

_____ 2000b. “Leontief’s Great Leap Forward: Beyond Quesnay, Marx and von Bortkiewicz”, Economic Systems Research, 12(2), p. 142-152.

Béraud, Alain, et Gilbert Faccarello (dir.). 2000. Nouvelle histoire de la pensée économique, tome 3. Paris : La Découverte.

Black, Fischer. 1982. “The Trouble with Econometric Models”, Financial Analysts Journal, 38(2), p. 29-37.

_____1986. “Noise”, The Journal of Finance, 41(3), p. 529-543.

Blanchard, Olivier. 2008. “The State of Macro”, NBER Working paper No. 14259, Août.

_____2014. “Where Danger Lurks”, Finance & Development, Septembre, p. 28-31.

_____2017. “Sur les modèles macroéconomiques”, Revue de l’OFCE, 153, p. 317-325.

Blaug, Mark. 1994 [1992]. La méthodologie économique. Traduction de l’anglais, The Methodology of Economics. Paris : Economica.

Blum, Alain. 2000. “La purge de 1924 à Direction centrale de la statistique”, Annales, Histoires, Sciences Sociales, 55(2), p. 249-282.

Boumans, Marcel, et Ariane Kieffer. 2011. “A History of Histories of Econometrics”, History of Political Economy, 43(Suppl. Annuel), p. 5-31.

Boyer, Robert. 2013. “Le naufrage de la discipline économique, un nouvel espace pour la théorie de la régulation”. Entretien avec Robert Boyer, janvier 2013. Humandee. En ligne, 10/01/18 : http://www.humandee.org/spip.php?article222.

Brancaccio, Emiliano, et Francesco Saraceno. 2017. “Evolutions and Contradictions in Mainstream Macroeconomics : The Case of Olivier Blanchard”, Review of Political Economy, 29(3), p. 345-359.

Caballero, Ricardo J. 2010. “Macroeconomics after the Crisis : Time to Deal with the Pretense-of-Knowledge Syndrome”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(4), p. 85-102.

Carnap, Rudolph. 1936. “Testability and Meaning”, Philosophy of Science, 3(4), p. 419-471. Traduction française par Yann Benétreau-Dupin sous la direction de Pierre Wagner, Testabilité et signification, 2015, Paris : Vrin.

_____1937. “Testability and Meaning — Continued”, Philosophy of Science, 4(1), p. 1-40. Traduction française par Yann Benétreau-Dupin sous la direction de Pierre Wagner, Testabilité et signification, 2015, Paris : Vrin.

_____1939. Foundations of Logic and Mathematics. In Otto Neurath, Niels Bohr, John Dewey, Rudolf Carnap, Charles W. Morris, International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, v. I et II, Foundation of Unity of Science, I(1). Chicago, IL : The University of Chicago Press.

Carter, Anne P. 1970. Structural Change in the American Economy. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.

_____2011. “Leontief’s Stuff : An Archeology of Input-Output Material”, Numéro spécial “Women in Economics Profession”, dirigé par Amanar Akhabbar, Œconomia, 1(1), p. 51-59. Carvalho, Vasco, et Xavier Gabaix. 2013. “The Great Diversification and its Undoing”, The American Economic Review, 103(5), p. 1697-1727.

Cayla, David. 2018. L’économie du réel face aux modèles trompeurs. Louvain-la-Neuve : De Boeck Supérieur. Chenery, Hollis B., et Paul Clark. 1959. Interindustry Economics. New York, NY : John Wiley and Sons.

Chenery, Hollis B. et al. (dir.). 1999. Handbook of Development Economics. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing. Cherrier, Béatrice. 2016. “Assiste-t-on vraiment à un “tournant empirique” en économie ?”, Poste de blog, The Undercover Historian. Consulté le 26/01/2018 :https://beatricecherrier.wordpress.com/2016/10/02/assiste-t-on-vraiment-un-tournant-empirique-en-economie/.

Chipman, John S. 1966. “A Survey of the Theory of International Trade : Part 3, The Modern Theory”, Econometrica, 34(1), p. 18-76.

Christiano, Lawrence J., Martin S. Eichenbaum et Mathias Trabandt. 2017. “On DSGE Models”, Working Paper. Consulté en ligne, 4 juin 2018: http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~yona/research/DSGE.pdf.

Ciccone, Antonio. 2002. “Input Chains and Industrialization”, The Review of Economic Studies, 69(3), p. 565-587.

Clapham, John Harold. 1922. “Of Empty Economic Boxes”, The Economic Journal, 32(127), p. 305-314.

Colander, David, Peter Howitt, Alan Kirman, Axel Leijonhufvud et Perry Mehrling. 2008. “Beyond DSGE Models : Toward an Empirically Based Macroeconomics”, The American Economic Review, 98(2), p. 236-240.

Collectif, 1921. “Préface”, Numéro spécial, “Problèmes actuels de l’économique” par L. March, J. Moret, R.G. Hawtrey, C. Gide, A. Aftalion, E. Barone, Augé-Larihé, C.Rist, M. Lazard, Dugé de Bernonville, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, xxviii(2), p. i-vi.

Cot, Annie L., et Samuel Ferey. 2016. “La construction de “faits” économiques d’un nouveau type : éléments pour une histoire de l’économie expérimentale”, L’Actualité économique, 92(1-2), p. 11–47.

Cot, Annie L., et Jérôme Lallement. 2006. “1859-1959 : de Walras à Debreu, un siècle d’équilibre général”, Revue Economique, 3(57), p. 377-388.

Cot, Annie L. 2016. Entretien avec Antoine Reverchon, Le Monde, 15 septembre 2016.

Cournot, Augustin. 1838. Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses. Paris : Hachette.

Dahan, Amy, et Dominique Pestre (dir.). 2004. Les sciences pour la guerre. Paris : Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.

Dantzig, Georges B. 1949. “Programming of Interdependent Activities : II Mathematical Model”, Econometrica, 17(3-4), p. 200-211

DeBresson, Christian. 2004. “Some Highlights in the Life of Wassily Leontief : An interview with Estelle and Wassily Leontief”, in Erik Dietzenbacher et Michael L. Lahr (dir.) (2004), p. 135-148.

De Long, J. Bradford, et Kevin Lang. 1992. “Are all Economic Hypotheses False ?”, Journal of Political Economy, 100(6), p. 1257-1272.

de Marchi, Neil. 1976. “Anomaly and the Development of Economics : The Case of the Leontief Paradox”, in S. J. Latsis (dir.), Methods and Appraisal in Economics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, p. 257-276.

Desrosières, Alain. 1993 [2000]. La politique des grands nombres. Histoire de la raison statistique. Paris : La Découverte.

De Vroey, Michel. 2009. Keynes, Lucas, d’une macroéconomie à l’autre. Paris : Dalloz.

Dewald, William G., Jerry G. Thursby et Richard G. Anderson. 1986. “Replication in Empirical Economics : The Journal of Money, Credit and Banking Project”, The American Economic Review, 76(4), p. 587-603.

Dietzenbacher, Erik, et Michael L. Lahr. 2001. Input-Output Analysis : Frontiers and Extension. Londres : Palgrave Macmillan.

_____et Michael L. Lahr (dir.). 2004. Wassily Leontief and Input-Output Economics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

_____et al. 2013. “Input-Output Analysis : The Next Fifty Years”, Economic Systems Reseach, 25(4), p. 369-389.

di Giovanni, Julian, Andrei A. Levchenko et Isabelle Méjean. 2014. “Firms, Destinations, and Aggregate Fluctuations”, Econometrica, 82(4), p. 1303-1340.

Dorfman, Robert, Paul A. Samuelson et Robert M. Solow. 1958. Linear Programming and Economic Analysis. New-York: McGraw-Hill.

Dufour, Jean-Marie. 2001. “Logique et tests d’hypothèses : réflexions sur les problèmes mal posés en économétrie”, L'Actualité économique, 77(2), p. 171–190.

Duhem, Pierre. 1906 (1914) [2007]. La théorie physique, son objet, sa structure. Paris : Vrin.

Dupor, Bill. 1999. “Aggregation and Irrelevance in Multi-Sector Models”, Journal Economics, 43(2), p. 391-409.

Ezekiel, Mordecai. 1938. “The Cobweb Theorem”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 52(2), p. 255-280.

Ferraton, Cyrille, et Ludovic Frobert. 2017. Introduction à Albert O. Hirschman. Paris : La Découverte.

Fisher, Irving. 1892. Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.

_____1906. “Economics as a Science”, Science, 24(609), p. 257-261.

_____1930. “The Application of Mathematics to the Social Sciences”, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 36, p. 225-243.

_____1932. “Quantitative Economics”, The American Economic Review, 22(1), p. 16-24.

Fisher, Franklin M. 1969. “The Existence of Aggregate Production Functions”, Econometrica, 37(4), p. 553-577.

Fourquet, François. 1980. Les comptes de la puissance. Histoire de la comptabilité nationale et du plan. Paris : Editions Recherches, Encres.

Friedman, Milton. 1953. “The Methodology of Positive Economics”, in Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago (IL) : Chicago University Press, p. 3-43.

Frisch, Ragnar. 1933a. “Propagation Problems and Impulse Problems in Dynamic Economics”, in Economic Essays in Honour of Gustav Cassel. Londres : George Allen & Unwin Ltd, p. 171-205.

_____1933b. “Pitfalls in the Statistical Construction of Supply and Demand Curves”, Veröffentlichungen der Frankfurter Gesellschaft für Konjunkturforschung, New Series, V, Leipzig : Hans Buske.

_____1933c. “Editorial”, Econometrica, 1(1), p.1-4.

_____1934a. “Circulation Planning : Proposal for a National Organization of a Commodity and Service Exchange”, Econometrica, 2(3), p. 336-528; et, “Circulation Planning : Part III. Mathematical Appendix”, Econometrica, 2(4), p. 422-435.

_____1934b. “More Pitfalls in Demand and Supply Curve Analysis”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 48(4), p. 749-755.

_____1948. “Repercussion Studies at Oslo”, The American Economic Review, 38(3), p. 367-372.

_____1969 [1981]. “From Utopian Theory to Practical Applications : The Case of Econometrics”, The American Economic Review, 71(6), p. 1-16.

Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas. 1950. “Leontief's System in the Light of Recent Results”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 32 (3), p. 214-222.

Gilboy, Elizabeth. 1934. “Time Series and the Derivation of Demand and Supply Curves : A Study of Coffee and Tea, 1850-1930”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 48(4), p. 667-685.

Gioia, Vitantonio. 2000. “L’école historique allemande d’économie”, in Alain Béraud et Gilbert Faccarello (dir.) (2000), p. 30-73.

Goodman, Nelson. 1946 [1983]. Fact, Fiction and Forecast. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.

Greenspan, Alan. 2008. Compte rendu des auditions au Congrès Américain. “The Financial Crisis and the Role of Federal Regulators”, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 110e session, 23 octobre 2008.

Haavelmo, Trygve. 1997. “Econometrics and the Welfare State”, Nobel Lectures, The American Economic Review, 87(6), p. 13-15.

Halsmayer, Verena, et Kevin Hoover. 2016. “Solow's Harrod : Transforming Cyclical Dynamics into a Model of Long-Run Growth”, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 23(4), p. 561-596.

Hamermesh, Daniel S. 2013. “Six Decades of Top Economics Publishing: Who and How ?”, Journal of Economic Literature, 51(1), p. 162-172.

Hansen, Lars Peter, et James J. Heckman. 1996. « The Empirical Foundations of Calibration », The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1), p. 87-104.

Harcourt, Geoffrey C. 1976. “Les controverses cambridgiennes : après la tourmente”, Les Cahiers d’économie politique, 3(1), p. 165-193.

Hautcoeur, Pierre-Cyrille. 2016. “Mauvais temps pour la pensée économique”, Le Monde, 20 septembre 2016.

Hendry, David F., Edward E. Leamer et Dale J. Poirier. 1990. “The ET Dialogue : A Conversation on Econometric Methodology”, Econometric Theory, 6(2), p. 171-261.

Hendry, David F., et Kenneth F. Wallis (dir.). 1984. Econometrics and Quantitative Economics. Oxford : Basil Blackwell.

Hempel, Carl G. 1942. “The Function of General Laws in History”, The Journal of Philosophy, 39(2), p. 35-48.

Hindriks, Frank A. 2005. “Unobservability, Tractability and the Battle of Assumptions”, Journal of Economic Methodology, 12(3), p. 383-406.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1958. The Strategy of Economic Development. New-Haven, CT : Yale University Press.

Hottois, Gilbert. 2004. Philosophies des sciences, philosophies des techniques. Paris : Odile Jacob.

Houthakker, H. S. 1955-1956. “The Pareto Distribution and the Cobb-Douglas Production Function in Activity Analysis”, The Review of Economic Studies, 23(1), p. 27-31.

Hurwicz, Leonid. 1955. “Input-Output Analysis and Economic Structure”, The American Economic Review, 45(4), p. 626-636.

Jacob, Pierre. 1980. L’empirisme logique, ses antécédents, ses critiques. Paris : Les Éditions de Minuit.

Johansen, Leif. 1960. A Multi-Sectoral Study of Economic Growth. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing.

Jones, Charles I. 2011. “Intermediate Goods and Weak Links in the Theory of Economic Development”, American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics, 3(2), p. 1-28.

Keppler, Jan-Horst, et Jérôme Lallement. 2006. “The Origins of the U-Shaped Average Cost Curve : Understanding the Complexities of the Modern Theory of the Firm”, History of Political Economy, 38(4), p. 733-774.

Keynes, John Maynard. 1940. “On a Method of Statistical Business-Cycle Research. A Comment”, The Economic Journal, 50(197), p. 154-156.

Kirman, Alan. 1989. “The Intrinsic Limits of Modern Economic Theory : The Emperor Has No Clothes”, The Economic Journal, 99(395), p. 126-139.

____1992. “Whom or What Does the Representative Individual Represent?”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6(2), p. 117-136.

Klein, Lawrence R. 1947. “The Use of Econometric Models as a Guide to Economic Policy”, Econometrica, 15(2), p. 111-151.

____1953. “Review”, Journal of Political Economy, 61(3), p. 260-262.

Koopmans, Tjalling Charles. 1941. “The Logic of Econometric Business-Cycle Research”, Journal of Political Economy, 49(2), p. 157-181.

_____1947. “Measurement Without Theory”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 29(3), p. 161-172.

_____1949a. “Koopmans on the Choice of Variables to be Studied and the Methods of Measurement : A Reply”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 31(2), p. 86-91.

_____1949b. “Identification Problems in Economic Model Construction”, Econometrica, 17(2), p. 125-144.

_____(dir.). 1951. Activity Analysis. Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, Monographie 13. Chicago, IL.

_____1957. Three Essays on the State of Economic Science. New York, NY : McGraw Hill.

_____1976. “Concepts of Optimality and their Uses”, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 78(4), p. 542-560.

Krugman, Paul, et Maurice Obstfeld. 1999 (1995). Économie internationale. Traduction française. Paris, Bruxelles : De Boeck Université.

Krugman, Paul. 2016. “The State of Macro is Sad”. Page de blog du Financial Times, 12 août 2016, https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/08/12/the-state-of-macro-is-sad-wonkish/.

Kydland, Finn E., et Edward C. Prescott. 1982. “Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations”, Econometrica, 50(6), p. 1345-1370.

_____1996. “The Computational Experiment : An Econometric Tool”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1), p. 69-85.

Lallement, Jérôme. 2007. “Le modèle déductif-nomologique et l’explication en économie”. In Alain Leroux et Pierre Livet (dir.) (2007), Leçons de philosophie économique, tome III, Science économique et philosophie des sciences. Paris : Economica, p. 181-210.

Latour, Bruno. 2001 (1984). Les Microbes : guerre et paix. Paris : La Découverte.

Leamer, Edward E. 1983. “Let's Take the Con out of Econometrics”, The American Economic Review, 73(1), p. 31-43.

Lenfant, Jean-Sébastien 2010. “L’équilibre général depuis Sonnenschein, Mantel et Debreu : courants et perspectives”. In Roberto Baranzini, André Legris et Ludovic Ragni (dir.), Léon Walras et l’équilibre économique général – Recherches récentes. Paris : Economica, p. 263-289. Disponible en ligne : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01742978/file/SMD%20et%20apre%CC%80s%20-%20lenfant%20-%20Economica_HAL.pdf Long, John B., et Charles I. Plosser. 1983. “Real Business Cycles”, Journal of Political Economy, 91(1), p. 39-69.

Lowe, Adolph. 1926. “Wie ist Konjunkturtheorie überhaupt möglich?”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv. Traduction anglaise, 1997, “How is Business Cycle Theory Possible at All?”, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 8(2), p. 245-270.

Lucas, Robert. 1975. “An Equilibrium Model of the Business Cycle”, Journal of Political Economy, 83(6), p. 1113-1144.

_____1980. “Methods and Problems in Business Cycle Theory”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 12(4), p. 696-715.

Lyotard, Jean-François. 1979. La condition postmoderne. Paris : Les Éditions de Minuit.

Machlup, Fritz. 1964. “Professor Samuelson on Theory and Realism”, The American Economic Review, 54(5), p. 733-735.

Malinvaud, Edmond, et Michael O.L. Bacharach (dir.). 1967. Activity Analysis in the Theory of Growth and Planning. Londres : Macmillan.

Mäki, Uskali. 1998. “Aspects of Realism about Economics”, Theoria, 13, p. 301-319.

_____2013. “Mark Blaug’s Unrealistic Crusade for Realistic Economics”, Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics, 6(3), p. 87-103.

Marschak, Jacob. 1933. “Annual Survey of Statistical Information : The Branches of National Spending”, Econometrica, 1(4), p. 373-386.

_____1934. “Econometric Parameters in a Stationary Society with Monetary Circulation”, Econometrica, 2(1), p. 91-111.

_____1941. “Methods in Economics : A Discussion”, Journal of Political Economy, 49(3), p. 441-448.

McCloskey, Deirdre. 1985. The Rhetoric of Economics. Initialement publié sous le nom Donald N. McCloskey. Madison, WI : The University of Wisconsin Press.

McKenzie, Lionel. 1957. “An Elementary Analysis of the Leontief System”, Econometrica, 25(3), p. 456-462.

_____2002. Classical General Equilibrium Theory. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.

Ménard, Claude. 1987. “Trois formes de résistance à la statistique : Say, Cournot, Walras”. In Pour une histoire de la statistique, t. 1, INSEE-Economica, Paris, p. 417-429. de Mesnard, Louis. 2016. “Price consistency in the Leontief model”, Cahiers d’Économie Politique / Papers in Political Economy, 71(2), p. 181-201.

Miller, Ronald E., et Peter D. Blair. 2009. Input-Output Analysis : Foundations and Extensions. Deuxième édition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Mirowksi, Philip. 2001. Machine Dreams. Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Mises, Ludwig von. 2007 (1949). Human Action. A Treatise on Economics, Volume 3. Indianapolis, IN : Liberty Fund.

Mitchell, Wesley C. 1925. “Quantitative Analysis in Economic Theory”, The American Economic Review, 15(1), p. 1-12.

Mongin, Philippe. 2000. “La méthodologie économique au XXe siècle. Les controverses en théorie de l'entreprise et la théorie des préférences révélées”, in Alain Béraud et Gilbert Faccarello (dir.) (2000), p. 340-378.

Montet, Christian. 2000. “La théorie des relations économiques internationales entre les deux guerres”, in Alain Béraud et Gilbert Faccarello (dir.) (2000), p. 294-331.

Morgan, Theodore. 1988. “Theory Versus Empiricism in Academic Economics : Update and Comparison”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2(1), p. 159-164.

Morgan, Mary S., et Margaret Morrison (dir.). 1999. Models as Mediators. Perspectives on Natural and Social Science. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Morgan, Mary S. 1990. The History of Econometric Ideas. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

_____2012. The World in the Model. How Economists Work and Think. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Nadeau, Robert. 1999. Vocabulaire technique et analytique de l’épistémologie. Paris : PUF.

von Neumann, John. [1937] 1945-1946. “A Model of General Economic Equilibrium”, The Review of Economic Studies, 13(1), p. 1-9. Traduction anglaise de “Uber ein Okonomisches Gleichungssystem und eine Verallgemeinerung des Brouwerschen Fixpunktsatzes”, in Karl Menger (dir.), Ergebuisse eines Mathematischen Seminars, Vienne, 1938.

Orléan, André. 2017. “Messieurs Cahuc et Zylberberg découvrent l’épistémologie”, in Benjamin Coriat, Thomas Coutrot, Anne Eydoux, Agnès Labrousse et André Orléan (dir.) (2017), Misère du scientisme en économie, retour sur l’affaire Cahuc-Zylberberg. Vulaines-sur-Seine : Éditions du Croquant, p. 21-40.

Pasinetti, Luigi L. 1975. Lezioni di teoria della produzione. Bologna : Societa Editrice il Mulino. Traduction anglaise, première edition 1977, Lectures on the Theory of Production, Londres : The MacMillan Press (1979).

_____1981. Structural Change and Economic Growth: A Theoretical Essay on the Dynamics of the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Pierce, Andrew. 2008. “The Queen Asks Why No One Saw the Credit Crunch Coming”, The Telegraph, 5 novembre 2008. Pinzon-Fuchs, Erich. 2018. “Lawrence R. Klein and the Making of Large-Scale Macro-Econometric Modeling, 1938-1955”, Documentos Cede 016161, Universidad De Los Andes-Cede.

Popov, Pavel Illitch. 1926. “Studying the Balance of the National Economy : An Introduction. (Vvedenie k izucheniiu balansa narodnogo khoziaistva)”, in TsSOU (1926), p. 1-37. Traduction anglaise complète du russe dirigée par Amanar Akhabbar (2014), Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, series A, 32, p. 217-295.

Popper, Karl. 1934 [1973]. La logique de la découverte scientifique. Traduction française. Paris : Payot. Porter, Theodore M. 1995. Trust in Number : The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. Traduction française par Gérard Marino, La confiance dans les chiffres : La recherche de l’objectivité dans la science et dans la vie publique, Paris : Les Belles Lettres, 2017.

Prescott, Edward C. 1986. “Theory Ahead of Business Cycle Measurement”, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 10(4), p. 9-22.

_____2006. “Nobel Lecture : The Transformation of Macroeconomic Policy and Research”, Journal of Political Economy, 114(2), p. 203-235.

Qin, Duo. 1997. The Formation of Econometrics : Historical Perspective. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

_____2011. “Rise of VAR Modelling Approach”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 25(1), p. 156-174.

Quine, Willard Van Orman. 1951. “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”, The Philosophical Review, 60, p. 20-43.

Ricardo, David. 1821 (1992). Des principes de l’économie politique et de l’impôt. Traduction française. Paris : Flammarion.

Robinson, Joan. 1968. “Book Review : Essays in Economics: Theories and theorizing”, Econometrica, 36(2), p. 431-432.

Romer, Paul. 2016. “The Trouble with Macroeconomics”, Discours prononcé le 5 janvier 2016 à l’Université de New York. En ligne, consulté le 27/02/2018 : https://paulromer.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/WP-Trouble.pdf.

Rosenblueth, Arturo, Norbert Wiener et Julian Bigelow. 1943. “Behavior, Purpose and Teleology”, Philosophy of Science, 10(1), p. 18-24.

Rosier, Bernard. 1986. Wassily Leontief : textes et itinéraire. Paris : La Découverte.

Rust, John. 2014. “The Limits of Inference with Theory : A Review of Wolpin (2013)”, Journal of Economic Literature, 52(3), p. 820-850.

Samuelson, Paul A. 1938a. “Welfare Economics and International Trade”, The American Economic Review, 28(2), p. 261-266.

_____1938b. “The Empirical Implications of Utility Analysis”, Econometrica, 6(4), p. 344-356.

_____1939. “The Gains from International Trade”, The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue Canadienne d'économique et de science politique, 5(2), p. 195-205.

_____1947. The Foundations of Economic Analysis. 8e édition (1966). Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.

_____1948. “International Trade and the Equalisation of Factor Prices”, The Economic Journal, 58(230), p. 163-184.

_____1949. “International Factor-Price Equalisation Once Again”, The Economic Journal, 59(234), p. 181-197.

_____1951. “Abstract of a Theorem Concerning Substitutability in Open Leontief Models”, in Tjalling C. Koopmans (dir.) (1951), p. 142-146.

_____1951-1952. “A Comment on Factor Price Equalisation”, The Review of Economic Studies, 19(2), p. 121-122.

_____1957. “Wages and Interest : A Modern Dissection of Marxian Economic Models”, The American Economic Review, 47(6), p. 884-912.

_____1959a. “A Modern Treatment of the Ricardian Economy : I. The Pricing of Goods and of Labor and Land Services”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 73(1), p. 1-35.

_____1959b. “A Modern Treatment of the Ricardian Economy II : Capital and Interest Aspects of the Pricing Process”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 73(2), p. 217-231.

_____1963. “Discussion”, G. C. Archibald, Herbert A. Simon, Paul A. Samuelson, The American Economic Review, 53(2), p. 227-236.

_____1964. “Theoretical Notes on Trade Problems”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 46(2), p. 145-154.

_____1972. “Maximum Principles in Analytical Economics”, The American Economic Review, 62(3), p. 249-262.

_____1979. “Paul Douglas's Measurement of Production Functions and Marginal Productivities”, Journal of Political Economy, 87(5), p. 923-939.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1954. Histoire de l’analyse économique. Volume III. L’âge de la science. Traduction française, édition 1983. Paris : Gallimard.

Sergi, Francesco. 2017. De la révolution lucasienne aux modèles DSGE. Réflexions sur les développements récents de la modélisation macroéconomique. Thèse de doctorat. Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.

Shackle, G.L.S. 1967. The Years of High Theory. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Shoven, John B., et John Whalley. 1984. “Applied General-Equilibrium Models of Taxation and International Trade : An Introduction and Survey”, Journal of Economic Literature, 22(3), p. 1007-1051.

Sims, Christopher A. 1980. “Macroeconomics and Reality”, Econometrica, 48(1), p. 1-48.

_____1989. “Models and Their Uses”, Discussion Paper 11, Institute for Empirical Macroeconomics, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Avril.

_____1996. “Macroeconomics and Methodology”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1), p. 105-120.

_____2010. “But Economics Is Not an Experimental Science”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), p. 59-68.

_____2011. “Statistical Modeling of Monetary Policy and its Effects”, Discours à l’Académie Nobel pour la réception du Prix de la Banque de Suède en mémoire d’Alfred Nobel. Consulté le 15/01/2018 : http://sims.princeton.edu/yftp/Nobel/NobelLect.pdf.

Solow, Robert M. 1955-1956. “The Production Function and the Theory of Capital”, The Review of Economic Studies, 23(2), p. 101-108.

_____1956. “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), p. 65-94.

_____1957. “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 39(3), p. 312-320.

_____1958. “A Skeptical Note on the Constancy of Relative Shares”, The American Economic Review, 48(4), p. 618-631.

_____1998. “Rereading The Structure of the American Economy”, Economic System Research, 10(4), p. 299-306.

_____2001. “From Neoclassical Growth Theory to New Classical Macroeconomics”, in Jacques Drèze (dir.) (2001), Advances in Macroeconomics. Londres : Palgrave Macmillan, p. 19-29.

_____2008. “The State of Macroeconomics”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(1), p. 243-246.

_____2010. “Building a Science of Economics for the Real World”. Audition auprès de la commission du Congrès des Etats-Unis d’Amérique. House Committee on Science and Technology Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight.

Spanos, Aris. 2006. “Econometrics in Retrospect and Prospect”, in T. C. Mills et K. Patterson (dir.) (2006), Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan.

Sraffa, Piero. 1960. Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, Prelude to a Critique of Economic Theory. Traduction française, Serge Latouche, Production de marchandises par des marchandises. Prélude à une critique de la théorie économique, Paris : Dunod, 2e édition (1999).

Stone, Richard. 1961. Input-Output and National Accounts. Paris : OECD.

Summers, Lawrence H. 1986. “Some Skeptical Observations on Real Business Cycle Theory”, Federal Reserve Bank Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 10(Fall), p. 23-27.

_____1991. “The Scientific Illusion in Empirical Macroeconomics”, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 93(2), p. 129-148.

ten Raa, Thijs. 2005. Input-Output Economics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Timmer, Marcel P., Erik Dietzenbacher, Bart Los, Robert Stehrer et Gaaitzen J. de Vries. 2014a. “The World Input-Output Database (WIOD) : Contents, Concepts and Applications”, GGDC Research Memorandum 144, Groningen Growth and Development Cen.

Timmer, Marcel P., Abdul Azeez Erumban, Bart Los, Robert Stehrer et Gaaitzen J. de Vries. 2014b. “Slicing Up Global Value Chains”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(2), p. 99-118.

Tinbergen, Jan. 1930. “Bestimmung und Deutung von Angebotskurven”, Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, 1(5), p. 669-679.

_____1939. Statistical Testing of Business-Cycle Theories, vol. I: A Method and its Application to Investment Activity ; vol. II: Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919-1932. Genève : Société des Nations.

_____1967. Development Planning. World University Library. Londres : Weidenfeld and Nicolason.

_____1981. “The Use of Models : Experience and Prospects”, The American Economic Review, 71(6), p. 17-22.

Tirole, Jean. 2016. Économie du bien commun. Paris : PUF. Tougan-Baranowki, Mikhail I. 1913. Les crises industrielles en Angleterre. Traduction française. Paris : M. Giard & E. Brière.

TsSOU. 1926. Balans narodnogo khoziaistva Soiuza SSR 1923-24 goda. (La balance de l’économie nationale de l’URSS 1923-24). Volumes de l’Administration centrale de la statistique de l’URSS (TsSOU), dirigé par Pavel Illitch Popov. Moscou, Trudy Tsentral’nogo Statisticheskogo Upravleniya, XXIX.

Vanoli, André. 2002. Histoire de la comptabilité nationale. Paris : La Découverte.

Vining, Rutledge. 1949a. “Koopmans on the Choice of Variables to be Studies and the Methods of Measurement”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 31(2), p. 77-86.

_____1949b. “Koopmans on the Choice of Variables to be Studies and the Methods of Measurement : A Rejoinder”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 31(2), p. 91-94.

Wagemann, Ernst. 1930. Economic Rythm : A Theory of Business Cycles. Traduction anglaise. New York, NY : McGraw Hill.

Wolff, Edward N. 1985. “Industrial Composition, Interindustry Effects, and the U.S. Productivity Slowdown”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67(2), p. 268-277.