Prejudice: Xenophobia, Homophobia, and Patriarchy in the World

Borooah, Vani (2021): Prejudice: Xenophobia, Homophobia, and Patriarchy in the World. Published in: A Quantitative Analysis of Regional Well-Being No. Routledge : pp. 139-188.

Abstract

The raison d’être of this paper is to develop measures for xenophobia, homophobia, and patriarchy and, in so doing, to provide systematic information about the degree of prejudice against certain groups (foreigners, homosexuals, women) — in particular, whether prejudice differs by the world’s regions and religions, and between the groups that are the target of prejudice. Furthermore, the chapter enquires about the characteristics of persons — apart from their religion and region — that make for prejudice, or a lack of it. In developing the analysis, this chapter makes several conceptual contributions. It advances the concept of a “xenophobia score” which is used to measure the amount of xenophobia in different regions of the world. It links homophobia to attitudes towards homosexuality. Lastly, it examines dissonance between men and women in their views about gender equality and, in so doing, measures the amount of “gender tension” among adherents of different religions and denizens of different regions. Underpinning this analysis is a multivariate analysis of xenophobia, homophobia, and patriarchy. This allows one to answer questions that are of considerable societal importance: are women more liberal than men in their attitude towards foreigners and homosexuals? Do women seek greater equality than men are prepared to concede?

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: Prejudice, homophobia, xenophobia, misogyny
• Subjects: I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty; I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty > I31 - General Welfare, Well-Being; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J7 - Labor Discrimination > J71 - Discrimination

References

Akbar, P.A., Li, S., Shertzer, A., and Walsh, R.P. (2019), “Racial Segregation and the Erosion of Black Wealth”, NBER Working Paper 25805, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Anand, S. and Sen, A. (1997), “Concepts of Human Development and Poverty: A Multidimensional Perspective”, Human Development Report 1997 Papers, New York: UNDP.

Anas, A. (2002) “Prejudice, Exclusion and Compensating Transfers: The Economics of Ethnic Segregation”, Journal of Urban Economics, 52: 409–432.

Borooah, V.K. (2013), “The Killing Fields of Assam: Myth and Reality of its Muslim Immigration”, Economic and Political Weekly, 48: 43–52.

Borooah, V.K. (2017), “Caste and Regional Influences on the Practice of ‘Untouchability’ in India”, Development and Change, 48: 746–774.

Brookings (2019), “The One Percent Problem: Muslims in the West and the Rise of the New Populists”, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/product/muslims-in-the-west/

Buchanan, J. (2006), State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and Conquest of America, New York: Thomas Dunne Books.

Chotiner, I. (2019), “A Journalist on How Anti-Immigrant Fervor Built in the Early Twentieth Century”, The New Yorker, 16 May. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-journalist-on-how-anti-immigrant-fervor-built-in-the-early-twentieth-century

COWI (2009), “The Social Situation Concerning Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation in Luxembourg”, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Human Rights.

Danziger, S. and Lin, A.C. (2000), Coping with Poverty: The Social Contexts of Neighborhood, Work, and Family in the African-American Community, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Datta, S. and Pathania, V. (2016), “For Whom Does the Phone (Not) Ring: Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market in Delhi, India”, Working Paper 2016/55, United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.

de Beauvoir, S. (1953) The Second Sex, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Denny, K. (2011), “Civic Returns to Education: Its Effect on Homophobia”, Working Paper Series, No. 11/08, University College Dublin, Dublin: UCD Centre for Economic Research.

Douglas, M. (1966), Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Foster, J., Greer, J., and Thorbecke, E. (1984), “A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures”, Econometrica, 52: 571–576.

Glaeser, E.L. (2005), “The Political Economy of Hatred”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120: 45–86.

Holm, J. and Bowker, J. (eds) (1994), Women in Religion, London and New York: Pinter Publishers.

Jacques, M (2006), “Globalisation Making the West More Intolerant”, The Guardian, 17 April, 11–12.

Kaur, G. (2015), “Banished for Menstruating: The Indian Women Isolated While they Bleed”, The Guardian, 22 December, http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/dec/22/india-menstruation-periods-gaokor-women-isolated (accessed 12 June 2015).

Kruijtzer, G. (2009), Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India, Leiden: Leiden University Press.

Leiter, B. (2008), “Why Tolerate Religion?”, Constitutional Commentary, 25 (1: Spring): 1–28.

Long, J.S. and Freese, J. (2014), Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables using Stata, College Station, TX: Stata Press.

McCormack, M. (2014), “The Intersection of Youth Masculinities, Decreasing Homophobia and Class: An Ethnography”, British Journal of Sociology, 65: 130–149.

McGee, R.W. (2016), “Do Views Toward Homosexuality Differ by Social Class? An Empirical Study of United States Opinion”, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2799859 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2799859

Massey, D.S. and Denton, N.A (1993), American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Matlin, M. (1995) Psychology, Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

Obama, B. (2007), The Audacity of Hope, Edinburgh: Canongate Books.

Okrent, D. (2019), The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law that Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America, New York: Scribner.

Sainath, P. (2000), “Dalits in India 2000: The Scheduled Castes More than a Half Century After Independence”, Asia Source https://asiasociety.org/dalits-india-2000 (accessed 17 October 2019).

Sen, A.K. (1976a), “Poverty: An Ordinal Approach to Measurement”, Econometrica, 44: 219–231.

Sen, A.K. (1976b), “Real National Income”, Review of Economic Studies 43: 19–39.

Shorrocks, R. (2018), “Cohort Change in Political Gender Gaps in Europe and Canada: The Role of Modernization”, Politics and Society, 46: 135–175.

Swart, E. (2015), “Global Violence Against Women”, in J. Wright (ed.), International Encyclopaedia of the Behavioural and the Social Sciences, pp. 192–197. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Turkewitz, J. (2019), “Anti-Immigrant Venom Killed their South African Dreams”, The New York Times, 20 September, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/africa/xenophobia-nigerians-south-africa.html.

Varshney, A. (2002), Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Walker, S. (2019), “Poland’s Drift to Right Divides Young Male and Female Voters”, The Guardian, 8 October, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/poland-election-drift-to-right-divides-young-male-and-female-voters

Welch, S. (1985), “Are Women More Liberal than Men in the U.S. Congress?”, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 10: 125–134.

Williams, B. (1996), “Toleration: An Impossible Virtue”, in D. Heyid (ed.), Toleration an Elusive Virtue, pp. 18–27. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Zee, M. (2016), Choosing Sharia? Multiculturalism, Islamic Fundamentalism, and Sharia Councils, The Hague: Eleven International Publishers.