Gutiérrez, Antonio (2023): La brecha de género en el emprendimiento y la cultura emprendedora: Evidencia con Google Trends.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_115876.pdf Download (729kB) | Preview |
Abstract
This paper empirically analyses the entrepreneurship gender gap and geographic variations of the entrepreneurship culture in the United States. To do so, we use Google search engine queries. First, we construct a composite index using factor analysis on searches related to entrepreneurship. Second, we explored the degree of local sexism that exists across the United States. Therefore, we use a simple index that represents sexist queries made on the search engine. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant correlation between the composite index and the number of companies based in each market area. The local sexism index fails to explain the gender gap in entrepreneurship. Conversely, it is intra-household decisions and the proportion of individuals in each age group that show statistically significant correlations with the entrepreneurship gender gap.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | La brecha de género en el emprendimiento y la cultura emprendedora: Evidencia con Google Trends |
English Title: | Entrepreneurship gender gap and entrepreneurial culture: Evidence from Google Trends |
Language: | Spanish |
Keywords: | entrepreneurship; gender gap; entrepreneurship culture; Google Trends; Big Data |
Subjects: | J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J16 - Economics of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J7 - Labor Discrimination > J71 - Discrimination L - Industrial Organization > L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior > L26 - Entrepreneurship O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O51 - U.S. ; Canada |
Item ID: | 115876 |
Depositing User: | Antonio Gutiérrez |
Date Deposited: | 03 Jan 2023 16:35 |
Last Modified: | 03 Jan 2023 16:35 |
References: | Acs, Z. J. (1992). Small business economics: A global perspective. Challenge, 35(6), 38–44. Artola, C., & Galan, E. (2012). Las huellas del futuro están en la web: construcción de indicadores adelantados a partir de las búsquedas en Internet. Banco de España Documentos Ocasionales N. 1203. Askitas, N. (2015a). Calling the Greek Referendum on the nose with Google Trends. Available at SSRN 2633443. Askitas, N. (2015b). Predicting the Irish’Gay Marriage’Referendum. Available at SSRN 2674243. Askitas, N., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2009). Google econometrics and unemployment forecasting. Applied Economics Quarterly, 55(2), 107–120. Baker, S. R., & Fradkin, A. (2017). The impact of unemployment insurance on job search: Evidence from google search data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 99(5), 756–768. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00674 Barrado, B. and Molina, J.A. (2015). Factores macroeconómicos que estimulan el emprendimiento. Un análisis para los países desarrollados y no desarrollados. DTECONZ, 2005-06. Beugelsdijk, S. (2010). Entrepreneurial culture, regional innovativeness and economic growth. In Entrepreneurship and culture (pp. 129–154). Springer. Bontempi, M. E., Frigeri, M., Golinelli, R., & Squadrani, M. (2019). Uncertainty, perception and the internet. Bosma, N., & Schutjens, V. (2011). Understanding regional variation in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitude in Europe. The Annals of Regional Science, 47(3), 711–742. Campaña, J.C., Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2016). Differences between self-employees and wage earners in time uses: Aragón vs. Spain. MPRA Paper 71463. Campaña, J.C., Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2017). Self-employment and educational childcare time: Evidence from Latin America. Campaña, J.C., Giménez-Nadal, J.I. and Molina, J.A. (2020). Self-employed and employed mothers in Latin American families: are there differences in paid-work, unpaid work and child care? Journal of Family and Economic Issues. DOI:10.1007/s10834-020-09660-5 Carrière-Swallow, Y., & Labbé, F. (2013). Nowcasting with Google trends in an emerging market. Journal of Forecasting, 32(4), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1002/for.1252 Castelnuovo, E., & Tran, T. D. (2017). Google It Up! A Google Trends-based Uncertainty index for the United States and Australia. Economics Letters, 161(December 2008), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2017.09.032 Cebrián, E., & Domenech, J. (2022). Is Google Trends a quality data source? Applied Economics Letters, 00(00), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.2023088 Choi, H., & Varian, H. (2012). Predicting the Present with Google Trends. Economic Record, 88(SUPPL.1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2012.00809.x Coleman, S., & Robb, A. (2009). A comparison of new firm financing by gender: evidence from the Kauffman Firm Survey data. Small Business Economics, 33(4), 397–411. Coleman, S., & Robb, A. (2012). Gender-based firm performance differences in the United States: Examining the roles of financial capital and motivations. In Global Women’s Entrepreneurship Research. Edward Elgar Publishing. Corbi, R., & Picchetti, P. (2020). The cost of gendered attitudes on a female candidate: Evidence from Google Trends. Economics Letters, 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109495 Cueto, B., Mayor, M., & Suárez, P. (2015). Entrepreneurship and unemployment in Spain: a regional analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 22(15), 1230–1235. D’Amuri, F., & Marcucci, J. (2017). The predictive power of Google searches in forecasting US unemployment. International Journal of Forecasting, 33(4), 801–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2017.03.004 Davidsson, P. (1995). Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 7(1), 41–62. Della Penna, N., & Huang, H. (2009). Constructing Consumer Sentiment Index for U.S. Using Google Searches (Working Papers, Issues 2009–26). University of Alberta, Department of Economics. https://doi.org/DOI: Dietzel, M. A. (2016). Sentiment-based predictions of housing market turning points with Google trends. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis. Drago, C. (2022). A Quantile-Based Composite Indicators Approach on Woman’s Entrepreneurship as measured by Google Search Activity. Available at SSRN 4073363. Einav, L., & Levin, J. (2014). Economics in the age of big data. Science, 346(6210). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243089 Fisch, C., & Block, J. H. (2021). How does entrepreneurial failure change an entrepreneur’s digital identity? Evidence from Twitter data. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106015 Fischer, E., & Rebecca Reuber, A. (2014). Online entrepreneurial communication: Mitigating uncertainty and increasing differentiation via Twitter. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4), 565–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.02.004 Fondeur, Y., & Karamé, F. (2013). Can Google data help predict French youth unemployment? Economic Modelling, 30, 117–125. Gicheva, D., & Link, A. N. (2013). Leveraging entrepreneurship through private investments: does gender matter? Small Business Economics, 40(2), 199–210. Gicheva, D., & Link, A. N. (2015). The gender gap in federal and private support for entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 45(4), 729–733. Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., Molina, J. A., & Ortega, R. (2012). Self-employed mothers and the work-family conflict. Applied Economics, 44(17), 2133–2147. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.558486 Giménez-Nadal, J.I. , Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2015). Excess commuting in the US: Differences between the self-employed and employees. IZA DP Nº 9425. Giménez-Nadal, J.I. , Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2016). A wage- efficiency spatial model for US self-employed workers. IZA DP Nº 9634. Giménez-Nadal, J.I. , Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2018). The commuting behavior of workers in the United States: differences between the employed and the self-employed. Journal of Transport Geography, 66, 19-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.011. Giménez-Nadal, J.I. , Lafuente, M., Molina, J.A. and Velilla, J. (2019). Resampling and bootstrap algorithms to asses the relevance of variables: applications to cross-section entrepreneurship data. Empirical Economics, 56, 233-267. DOI:10.1007/s00181-017-1355-x. Giménez-Nadal, J. I., Molina, J. A., & Velilla, J. (2022). Intergenerational correlation of self-employment in Western Europe. Economic Modelling, 108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105741 Gómez Martínez, R., Prado Román, M., & Mercado Idoeta, C. (2015). Google search activity as entrepreneurship thermometer. In New challenges in entrepreneurship and finance (pp. 225–233). Springer. Hayton, J. C., & Cacciotti, G. (2013). Is there an entrepreneurial culture? A review of empirical research. In Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (Vol. 25, Issues 9–10, pp. 708–731). https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.862962 Hayton, J. C., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33–52. Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., & Schade, C. (2013). Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Propensity. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75(2), 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00689.x Liñán, F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2011). Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 23(3–4), 187–215. McClelland, D. C., & mac Clelland, D. C. (1961). Achieving society (Vol. 92051). Simon and Schuster. Molina, J.A. (2020). Family and entrepreneurship: New empirical and theoretical results. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. DOI:10.1007/s10834-020-09667-y. Molina, J.A., R. Ortega and J. Velilla (2016). Entrepreneurial activity in the OECD: Pooled and cross-country evidence. Molina, J.A., Velilla, J. and Ortega, R. (2016). The decision to become an entrepreneur in Spain: the role of household finances. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(1), 57-73. Molina, J.A. and J. Velilla (2016). Innovation as a determinant of entrepreneurship. MPRA Papers 71471. Molina, J.A., R. Ortega and J. Velilla (2017). Feminization of entrepreneurship in developing countries. Monge, M., Poza, C., & Borgia, S. (2022). A proposal of a suspicion of tax fraud indicator based on Google trends to foresee Spanish tax revenues. International Economics, 169, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2021.11.002 Morrison, A. (2000). Entrepreneurship: what triggers it? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. Naccarato, A., Falorsi, S., Loriga, S., & Pierini, A. (2018). Combining official and Google Trends data to forecast the Italian youth unemployment rate. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 130(November 2016), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.11.022 Obschonka, M., Fisch, C., & Boyd, R. (2017). Using digital footprints in entrepreneurship research: A Twitter-based personality analysis of superstar entrepreneurs and managers. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2017.05.005 Obschonka, M., Lee, N., Rodríguez-Pose, A., Eichstaedt, J. C., & Ebert, T. (2020). Big data methods, social media, and the psychology of entrepreneurial regions: capturing cross-county personality traits and their impact on entrepreneurship in the USA. Small Business Economics, 55(3), 567–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00204-2 Owen, A. L., & Wei, A. (2021). Sexism, household decisions, and the gender wage gap. Labour Economics, 72(September), 102062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102062 Porter, M. E. (2011). Competitive advantage of nations: creating and sustaining superior performance. simon and schuster. Poza, C., & Monge, M. (2020). A real time leading economic indicator based on text mining for the Spanish economy. Fractional cointegration VAR and Continuous Wavelet Transform analysis. International Economics, 163(February), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2020.02.002 Román, C., Congregado, E., & Millán, J. M. (2013). Start-up incentives: Entrepreneurship policy or active labour market programme? Journal of Business Venturing, 28(1), 151–175. Siliverstovs, B., & Wochner, D. S. (2018). Google Trends and reality: Do the proportions match?: Appraising the informational value of online search behavior: Evidence from Swiss tourism regions. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 145, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.10.011 Simoes, N., Crespo, N., & Moreira, S. B. (2016). INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF SELF-EMPLOYMENT ENTRY: WHAT DO WE REALLY KNOW? Journal of Economic Surveys, 30(4), 783–806. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12111 Stephens-Davidowitz, S. (2014). The cost of racial animus on a black candidate: Evidence using Google search data. Journal of Public Economics, 118, 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.010 Suddle, K., Beugelsdijk, S., & Wennekers, S. (2010). Entrepreneurial culture and its effect on the rate of nascent entrepreneurship. In Entrepreneurship and culture (pp. 227–244). Springer. Suhoy, T. (2009). Query indices and a 2008 downturn: Israeli data. Bank of Israel. Thomas, A. S., & Mueller, S. L. (2000). A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2), 287–301. Velilla, J., Molina, J. A., & Ortega, R. (2018). Why older workers become entrepreneurs? International evidence using fuzzy set methods. Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 12, 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.03.004 Waters, J., Nicolaou, N., Stefanidis, D., Efstathiades, H., Pallis, G., & Dikaiakos, M. (2021). Exploring the sentiment of entrepreneurs on Twitter. PLoS ONE, 16(7 July). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254337 Webb, G. K. (2009). Internet search statistics as a source of business intelligence: Searches on foreclosure as an estimate of actual home foreclosures. Issues in Information Systems, 10(2), 82. Williams, D. R. (2012). Gender discrimination and self-employment dynamics in Europe. Journal of Socio-Economics, 41(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2011.08.029 Wu, L., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2009). The future of prediction: how Google searches foreshadow housing prices and quantities. ICIS 2009 Proceedings, 147. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/115876 |