Kazi Abdul, Mannan and Khandaker Mursheda, Farhana (2025): The Conventional System of Zakah versus the Holy Quran: An Econometric Model of Payers and Receivers. Published in: SOCIUM , Vol. 2, No. 2 (2025): pp. 113-129.
![]() |
PDF
MPRA_paper_125111.pdf Download (475kB) |
Abstract
Zakah is the obligatory socio-economic act of worship most often mentioned in the Holy Qur'an, along with Salah. The rules given by Almighty Allah, especially regarding the obligatory acts, have been changed from the beginning by the plot of Satan (Devil). This article examines whether Muslim countries have Zakah management according to the principles and regulations mentioned in the Holy Quran. Contemporary data from forty Muslim-majority countries were collected and analysed to achieve this objective. A thorough review revealed that the conventional system of Zakah has a Nisab (minimum amount) and a rate of 2.5%. These two basic elements are not mentioned anywhere in the Holy Quran. Moreover, it appears that all forms of management of Zakah have been developed purely on economic considerations; that is, the social aspect has been completely rejected. In addition, some countries collect this Zakah officially, which is spent in unauthorised ways contrary to the Holy Quran. Although the principle of harvest, excess and Khumus (one-fifth) of the Holy Quran identifies the Zakah receiving class, there is no such distribution system among those classes either by Zakah or otherwise. Therefore, this paper humbly requests a more in-depth study on Zakah based on the Holy Quran.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | The Conventional System of Zakah versus the Holy Quran: An Econometric Model of Payers and Receivers |
English Title: | The Conventional System of Zakah versus the Holy Quran: An Econometric Model of Payers and Receivers |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Holy Quran; Zakah; Nisab; Rate of Zakah; Zakah Payer and Receiver; Socio-Economic |
Subjects: | G - Financial Economics > G0 - General G - Financial Economics > G0 - General > G02 - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R5 - Regional Government Analysis R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R5 - Regional Government Analysis > R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy |
Item ID: | 125111 |
Depositing User: | Professor Dr Kazi Abdul Mannan |
Date Deposited: | 03 Jul 2025 14:00 |
Last Modified: | 03 Jul 2025 14:00 |
References: | Abdelbaki, H. H. (2013). The Impact of Zakah on Poverty and Income Inequality in Bahrain. Integrative Business & Economics Research, 2(1), 40-54. Ali, I., & Hatta, Z. A. (2014). Zakah as a Poverty Reduction Mechanism Among the Muslim Community: Case Study of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 8, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12025 Al-Hadhramia, S. S., Al-Hattalib, M. K., & Ahmedc, E. R. (2021). Role of Zakah in Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study In Nizwa City, Sultanate of Oman. Proceedings of the 2nd Kedah International Zakah Conference (i-KEIZAC 2021). Ayuba, M. A. (2016). Islamic Economic System, Poverty and Insurgency: From Zakāh Distribution to Capacity Building. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 2(3), 53–72. Bremer, J. (2013). Zakah and Economic Justice: Emerging International Models and Their Relevance for Egypt. Third Annual Conference on Arab Philanthropy and Civic Engagement, June 4-6, Tunis, Tunisia. Clement, V. (2020). Religion and the Secular State in Turkmenistan. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program. Cokrohadisumarto, W. M., & Zaenudin. (2022). Community Compliance Model in Paying Zakah: An Empirical Approach. Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics, 9(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.26414/A1015 Daly. S., & Frikha, M. (2015). Islamic Finance in Favour of Development and Economic Growth: An Illustration of the Principle of “Zakah”. Arabian Journal of Business Management Review, 5, 145. https://doi.org/10.4172/2223-5833.1000145. Farah, J. M. S., & Haji-Othman, Y. (2020). Mediating Effect of Intention on Zakah Payment towards Compliance Behaviour among Somali Business Owners. International Conference on Contemporary Issues in Islamic Finance (e-ICCIIF), October. Gassama. S. (2021). Islamization of Microfinance Program in Gambia. Journal of Finance and Islamic Banking, 4(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.22515/jfib.v4i1.3385 Gazar, M. (2021). Evaluating the E-Quality of Zakah Institutions Websites: Evidence From MENA Countries. In Sarea, A. (Ed.) Impact of Zakah on Sustainable Economic Development. Edition: First. IGI Global. https://doi.org/0.4018/978-1-7998-3452-6.ch004 Gomez, J. M. C. (2010). A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates. Perspectives on Terrorism, 4(4), 3-27. Hasbulah, M. H., Asni, F., Noor, A. M., & Halim, W. M. A. W. (2022). Economic Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak: A Study of Zakah Collection and Distribution Management in Zakah Penang (ZP). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(4), 1047–1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i4/12979 Herzog, L., & Mui, W. Z. (2016). Faith and Development in Focus: Senegal. World Faiths Development Dialogue — May, Berkley Centre for Religion, Peace & World Affairs at Georgetown University. IMF. (2013). Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. IMF Country Report No. 13/189, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. Jahangir, R., & Bulut, M. (2022). Estimation of Zakah Proceeds in Bangladesh: A Two-Approach Attempt. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 8(1), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v8i1.1455 Kulayni, A. J. M.Y., Al-Islam, T., & Sarwar, M. (2015). Al-Kafi. (2nd Edition) New York. Lessy, Z. (2013). Historical Development of the Zakah System Implications for Social Work Practice. EMPATI: Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial, 2(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.15408/empati.v2i1.9752 Lubis, M., Lubis, A. R., and Almaarif, A. (2018). Comparison of the Approach in the Zakah Management System. Journal of Physics, 1235 012048. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1235/1/012048 Lahjouji, H., & Rouggani, K. (2016). Zakah and Distribution of Wealth in the Islamic Economy: Case of Morocco. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 2(3), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.12816/0036637 Machado, A. C., Bilo, C., and Helmy, I. (2018). Zakah's role in providing social protection: A comparison between Jordan, Palestine and Sudan. Working Paper, No. 168, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG), Brasilia. Mahomed, Z. (2022). Modelling Effective Zakah Management for the ‘Stans’ of Central Asia and Establishing Pandemic Resilience. Hassan, M.K., Muneeza, A. and Sarea, A.M. (Ed.) Towards a Post-COVID-19 Global Financial System, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-625-420210008 Mahmood, J., Hassan, M. K., & Muneeza, A. (2022). Internationalisation of Zakah to Serve Humanity amid COVID-19: Using International Organisations as Intermediaries of Zakah. Hassan, M.K., Muneeza, A. and Sarea, A.M. (Ed.) Towards a Post-COVID Global Financial System, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-625-420210006 Mannan, K. A. (2022). সালাত (নামায)-একমাত্র পবিত্র কোরআনের আলোকে [Salah (Prayer) Only in the light of the Holy Qur'an]. KMF Publishers, Dhaka, Bangladesh. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7777192. Mesbah, M. A. T. (2007). Al-Hidaya. Written by Shaikhul Islam Burhan Uddin Abdul Hassan Ali Ibn Abu Bakar Al-Farganee Al-Marginanee (Rh) in Arabic, 1st Volume: (A Commentary on Islamic Laws): translated into Bangla by Maulana Abu Taher Mesbah, edited by Editorial Board and published by Muhammad Abdur Rab, Director, Publication, Islami Foundation Bangladesh. Ministry of Planning of Libya. (2021). Zakah Law LIBYAN ACT NO 89, 1971. Muhammad, I. (2019). Analysis of Zakah System in High-Income Islamic Countries. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 16(2): https://doi.org/1-11. 10.33102/jmifr.v16i2.219 Nasim, A. S. (2009). ইসলামি অর্থনীতিতে উপার্জন ও ব্যয়ের নীতিমালা (Principles of Income and Expenditure in Islamic Economics). প্রকাশক: বাংলাদেশ কুরআন শিক্ষা সোসাইটি, বাংলাদেশ (Publisher: Bangladesh Quran Education Society, Bangladesh). Obaid, M. M., Ibrahim, I. I., & Udin, N. M. (2020). Zakah and Tax Compliance Behaviour in Yemen: A Conceptual Study. Journal of Advanced Research in Business and Management Studies, 19(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.37934/arbms.19.1.114 Qaraḍawi, Y. (2011). Fiqh al-Zakah: a comprehensive study of Zakah regulations and philosophy in the light of the Qurʼan and Sunna. Siddiqui, Iqbal. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. Sadeq, A. H. (2002). A Survey of the Institution of Zakah: Issues, Theories and Administration. Islamic Development Bank. Salehi, M., & AriyanPoour, A. (2014). A Study on the Influences of Islamic Values on Iranian Accounting Practice and Development. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, 10 (2), 154–182. Sardar, Z., Serra, J., & Jordan, S. (2019). Muslim Societies in Postnormal Times: Foresights for Trends, Emerging Issues and Scenarios. International Institute of Islamic Thought Sayah, F. S., & Musari, K. (2021). Reviving Zakah for Micro-Financing and Socio-Economic Development in Algeria. International Journal of Zakah, 6(3), 23-40. Selvik, K. (2013). Business and Social Responsibility in the Arab World: the Zakah vs. CSR models in Syria and Dubai. Comparative Sociology, 12, 95–123. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341254 Shirazi, N. S., & Amin, F. B. (2009). Poverty Elimination through Potential Zakah Collection in OIC-Member Countries: Revisited. The Pakistan Development Review, 48(4), 739-754. https://doi.org/10.30541/v48i4IIpp.739-754 Subhan, M. (2018). A Mathematical Model of Economic Population Dynamics in a Country That Has Optimal Zakah Management. Materials Science and Engineering, 335, 012051. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/335/1/012051 Syamsuri, S., Sa’adah, Y., & Roslan, I. A. (2022). Reducing Public Poverty Through Optimization of Zakah Funding as an Effort to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(01): https://doi.org/792-805. 10.29040/jiei.v8i1.3872 Thaler, D. E., Brown, R. A., Gonzalez, G. C., Mobley, B. W., & Roshan, P. (2013). Factors Associated with Environments Vulnerable to Conflict. In: Improving the U.S. Military’s Understanding of Unstable Environments Vulnerable to Violent Extremist Groups, RAND Corporation. Toor, I. A., & Nasar, A. (2004). ZAKAH AS A SOCIAL SAFETY NET: Exploring the Impact on Household Welfare in Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, XLII (1&2), 87–102. Weiss, H. (2020). Muslim NGOS, Zakah and the Provision of Social Welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Introduction. H. Weiss (ed.), Muslim Faith-Based Organizations and Social Welfare in Africa, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38308-4_1 Younus, T. S., & Ahmad, R. (2021). Zakah Management and Economic Sustainability: United Arab Emirates Model. In A. Sarea (Ed.), Impact of Zakah on Sustainable Economic Development. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3452-6.ch008. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/125111 |