Как да оценим управленческата ефективност на българските земеделски стопанства

Bachev, Hrabrin (2022): Как да оценим управленческата ефективност на българските земеделски стопанства.

Abstract

There have been continuous academic, business, and policies debates about the efficiency of farms and agrarian organizations. A new insight into that important area is studying the farm not only as a production but as a governance structure as well. Most of the existing assessments of farms governance efficiency are at a conceptual or qualitative level due to well-known “measurement” problems related to transacting costs. This article incorporates the New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics framework and suggests a practical approach for assessing the level and factors of governance efficiency of farms. Initially, the methodology framework of the study is presented including an adequate understanding of farm efficiency and an approach for the correct assessment of its levels. The farm is considered efficient if it governs all its transactions and activity in the most economical (equally or more efficient) way compared to other feasible organization(s) - another farm(s), organization(s), public, hybrid, etc. modes, and vice versa. In addition, the farm adaptation potential to changing market, institutional, technological, and natural environment are to be good in order to have high governance (and overall) efficiency. The aim of the study is to experiment with this approach and assess the level of governance efficiency on Bulgarian farms as a whole and of different types and locations. The evaluation of governance efficiency of the Bulgarian farms is made on the basis of original micro-data collected by the managers of typical farms. The "Nature of the problems in effective organization for major class farm transactions for securing needed factors of production and marketing of output" is used as an indicator for the comparative efficiency (equal and greater compared to another farm/s or organisation/s) of individual farms. The study has found that the governance efficiency of farms is at a Good level but 60% of all farms in the county are with a Low efficiency and will likely cease to exist in near future. Major factors for inferior governance efficiency of Bulgarian farms are unsatisfactory efficiency in Supply of Necessary Labour, Innovations and Know-how, and Funding. There is a huge variation in the level and factors of governance efficiency of farms with different juridical types, sizes, product specializations, and geographical and ecological locations as well as in the share of farms with different levels of efficiency in each group. Also, there is a big discrepancy between the new assessments with dominating traditional approaches based on factors productivity. The suggested approach has to be further improved, and widely and periodically applied in economic analysis at various levels which require the systemic collection of a novel type of micro-data on farms governance and transaction costs.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• English Title: How to assess the governance efficiency of Bulgarian agricultural farms
• Language: Bulgarian
• Keywords: governance, efficiency, farm, transaction costs, assessment, Bulgaria
• Subjects: L - Industrial Organization > L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance > L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure ; Size Distribution of Firms; L - Industrial Organization > L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance > L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks; L - Industrial Organization > L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior; L - Industrial Organization > L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior > L23 - Organization of Production; L - Industrial Organization > L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior > L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q14 - Agricultural Finance; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation ; Agriculture and Environment; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy

References

Abdulai, A. and W. Huffman, 2000. Structural Adjustment and Economic Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Northern Ghana. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48 (3).

Asfaw, M., E. Geta, F. Mitiku, 2019. Economic Efficiency of Smalholder Farmers in Wheat Production: The Case of Abuna Gindeberet District, Western Ethiopia. Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Acta Oeconomica et Informatica, 22(1), 65-75,

Bachev H. (2000): Bulgarian Experience in Transformation of Farm Structures, Farm Management and Rural Planning, 181-196.

Bachev H. (2002): Study on land supply in Bulgarian farms, Farm Management and Rural Planning 3, 189-203.

Bachev H. (2004): Governing of Finance Suppy in Bulgarian Farms, MPRA & SSRN.

Bachev H. (2006): Governing of Bulgarian Farms–Modes, Efficiency, Impact of EU Accession, in Agriculture in the Face of Changing Markets, Institutions and Policies: Challenges and Strategies, IAMO, 133-149.

Bachev H. (2007): Governing of Agrarian Sustainability, ICFAI Journal of Environmental Law 6 (2), 7-25.

Bachev H. (2009): Governing of Agro-ecosystem Services. Modes, Efficiency, Perspectives, VDM Verlag.

Bachev H. (2010): Governance of Agrarian Sustainability, New York: Nova Science Publisher.

Bachev H. (2009): Mechanisms of governance of sustainable development, Journal of Applied Economic Sciences (JAES) 4 (08), 169-184.

Bachev H (2011): Management of Agro-Ecosystem Services: Framework of Analysis, Case of Bulgaria, in J. Daniels (editor), Advances in Environmental Research. Vol. 17, New York: Nova Science, 119-164.

Bachev H (2011): Water governance in Bulgarian agriculture, in Climate Change and its Effects on Water Resources, Springer, 215-224.

Bachev H. (2012): Governing of Agro-Ecosystem Services in Bulgaria, in A. Rezitis (editor), Research Topics in Agricultural and Applied Economics, Vol. 3, Bentham Science Publisher, 94-129.

Bachev H. (2012): Competitiveness of Bulgarian farms in conditions of EU CAP implementation, SSRN &MPRA.

Bachev H. (2014): Environmental management in agriculture, Economic Tought, Икономическа мисъл, 1, 56-79.

Bashev H. (2016): Defining and assessment of sustainability of farms, Economic Studies Journal, 158-188.

Bachev H. (2017): Socio-economic and environmental sustainability of Bulgarian farms, Agricultural and resource economics: international scientific e-journal, 3 (2), 5-21.

Bachev H. (2018): The Sustainability of Farming Enterprises in Bulgaria, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Bachev H. (2018): Institutional environment and climate change impacts on sustainability of Bulgarian agriculture, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24 (4), 523-536.

Bachev H. (2020): Defining, analyzing and improving the governance of agroecosystem services, Economic Thought, 4, 31-55.

Bachev H. (2020): Defining, analyzing and improving the governance of agroecosystem services, Economic Thought, 4, 31-55.

Bachev H. (2020): Understanding and improving the governance of ecosystem services: The case of agriculture, Journal of Economics Bibliography, Volume 7, Issue 3, 170-195.

Bachev H. (2020): Understanding, evaluating and improving the system of governance of agro ecosystem service, Exploratory Environmental Science Research,Vol.1, Issue 1, 96-114.40

Bachev H. (2020): About the Governance of Agro-ecosystem Services, Open Journal of Economics and Commerce, Volume 3, Issue 1, 24-36.

Bachev H. (2021): A Study on Amount and Importance of Ecosystem Services from Bulgarian Agriculture, Journal of Business Analytics and Data Visualization, Volume-2, Issue-1, 7-27.

Bachev H. (2021): MODES OF GOVERNANCE FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES INBULGARIAN FARMS, Икономически изследвания, Economic Studies, Volume 30 (8),145-174.

Bachev H. (2021): Agro-ecosystem services management of Bulgarian farms, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 27 (No 6) 2021, 1023–1038.

Bachev H. (2021): Assessing and Improving the Governance of Agroecosystem Services, P. Gorawala, S. Mandhatri (Editors) Agricultural Research Updates. Volume 33, 53-92.

Bachev H. (2021): Identifying and Evaluating the Mechanisms and Modes of Governance of Ecosystem Services – The Case of Bulgarian Agriculture, Sumerianz Journal of Economics and Finance, 2021, Vol. 4, No. 4, 117-135.

Bachev H. (2021): Study on Governance Mechanisms and Modes of Ecosystem Services in Bulgarian Farms. Journal of Advanced Research in Management, v. 12, n. 2, 54 – 76.

Bachev H. (2021): Agricultural Economics, Governance and Innovation in Bulgaria Vol.1 and Vol.2, KSP books.

Bachev H., M Tsuji (2001): Governing of Agrarian Transactions, Management and Rural Planning II, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 185-202.

Bachev H., T. Nanseki (2008): Risk Governance in Bulgarian Dairy Farming, paper presented at the 12th Congress of the European Association of Agricultural Economists “People, Food and Environments–Global Trends and European Strategies”, 26-29 August 2008, Ghent.

Bachev H., T. Nanseki (2008): Risk governance in Bulgarian dairy farming, MPRA.

Bachev H., T. Nanseki (2007): Environmental management in Bulgarian agriculture–risks, modes, major challenges, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture of Kyushu University 53, 363-373.

Bachev H., F Ito (2014): Implications of Fukushima Nuclear Disaster for Japanese Agri-food Chains, International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics 2 (1), 95-120.

Bachev H. and D. Terziev (2018): A study on agrarian sustainability impact of governance modes in Bulgaria, Journal of Applied Economic Sciences 13 (1).

Bachev H. and D. Terziev (2019): Sustainability of Agricultural Industries in Bulgaria, Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, Volume 14, Issue 1.

Bachev H., B.Ivanov and A.Sarov (2020): Unpacking Governance Sustainability of Bulgarian Agriculture, Икономически изследвания, 6, 106-137.

Bachev H., B.Ivanov, A. Sarov (2020): Why and How to Assess the “Governance” Aspect of Agrarian Sustainability The Case of Bulgaria, Agricultural Research Updates. Volume 30, Editors P. Gorawala and S. Mandhatri, Nova Science Publisher, 49-104.

Bachev H., B.Ivanov and A.Sarov (2021): Assessing Governance Aspect of Agrarian Sustainability in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2.

Bachev, H., 2004. Efficiency of agrarian organizations. Farm Management and Rural Planning, 135-150.

Bachev, H., (2006). Governing of Bulgarian Farms – Modes, Efficiency, Impact of EU Accession, in J.Curtiss, A.Balmann, K.Dautzenberg and K.Happe (editors), Agriculture in the Face of Changing Markets, Institutions and Policies: Challenges and Strategies, Halle: IAMO, 133-149.

Bachev, H., 2010a. Governance of Agrarian Sustainability, New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Bachev, H., 2010b. Management of Farm Contracts and Competitiveness, VDM Verlag Dr. Muller, Germany.

Bachev, H., 2018. The Sustainability of Farming Enterprises in Bulgaria, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Bachev, H. (2022). An Approach to Assess the Governance Efficiency of Bulgarian Farms, Economic Alternatives, 2.

Bachev, K. and M. Tsuji, 2001. Governing of Agrarian Transactions. Management and Rural Planning, 2, 185-202.

Boevsky, I. and A. Sarov, 2017. Cooperative Governance-Challenges and Perspectives: Proceeding Scientific Forum The XXI Century Business-Trends and Challenges, UNWE, Sofia, 366-377.

Ciaian, P, J. Pokrivcak, D. Drabik, 2009. Transaction costs, product specialisation and farm structure in Central and Eastern Europe, Post-Communist Economies, 21 (2), 191-201.

Chetroiu, R and I. Călin, 2013. The concept of economic efficiency in agriculture. Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/55007/, MPRA Paper No. 55007.

Combary, O., 2017. Analysing the efficiency of farms in Burkina Faso. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 12(3), 242-256.

Davidova S. and K. Thomson, 2014. Family Farming in Europe: Challenges and Prospects. European Parliament.

Demir, I., 2016. The firm size, farm size, and transaction costs: the case of hazelnut farms in Turkey, Agricultural Economics, 47 (1), 81-90.

Debebe, S., J. Haji, D. Goshu, A.Edriss, 2015. Technical, allocative, and economic efficiency among smallholder maize farmers in Southwestern Ethiopia: Parametric approach. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 7(8), 283-292,

FAO, 2021. Small family farmers produce a third of the world’s food. Food and Agriculture Organisation of UN.

Foster, A. and M. Rosenzweig, 2022. Are There Too Many Farms in the World? Labor Market Transaction Costs, Machine Capacities, and Optimal Farm Size. Journal of Political Economy, (Early Access).

Furuboth, E. and R. Richter, 2000. Institutions and Economic Theory: The Contribution of the New Institutional Economics. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Gaviglio, A., R. Filippini, F. Madau, M. Marescotti, E. Demartini, 2021. Technical efficiency and productivity of farms: a periurban case study analysis. Agricultural and Food Economics (2021), 9(11), 1-18.

Gunes, E., H. Guldal, 2019. Determination of economic efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Turkey: a DEA approach. NEW MEDIT, 4, 105-115.

Guth, M. and K. Smędzik-Ambroży, 2020. Economic resources versus the efficiency of different types of agricultural production in regions of the European union, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 1036-1051,

Habtamu, A., G. Lien, J. Hardaker, 2018. Economic performance and efficiency determinants of crop-producing farms in Norway. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 67(9), 1418-1434,

Hakim R., T. Haryanto, D. Sari, 2021). Technical efficiency among agricultural households and determinants of food security in East Java, Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 11, 4141,

Hoppe, B., 2021. Diverse Family Farms Are Important to U.S. Agriculture. Economic Research Service in Farming Research and Science. USDA.

Huy, H., M. Lyne, (...) P. Nuthall, 2016. Drivers of transaction costs affecting participation in the rental market for cropland in Vietnam. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 60 (3), 476-492.

Georgiev, M. and A. Roycheva, 2017. New Institutional Economics and Methods for Measuring the Adaptation of Bulgarian Agriculture. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 15(1),199-205,

James, H., P. Klein, M. Sykuta, 2011. The adoption, diffusion, and evolution of organizational form: Insights from the agrifood sector. Managerial and Decision Economics, 32(4), 243-259.

Kopeva, D. and N. Ivanova, 2008. Efficiency and Sustainable Development of Bulgarian Farms (On the Basis of Cereal, Fruit and Vegetables Production). Management and Sustainable Development, 3-4 (2), 128-133.

Mack, G., A. Kohler (...), N. El-Benni, 2019. Determinants of the perceived administrative transaction costs caused by the uptake of an agri-environmental program. Journal and Environmental Planning and Management, 62 (10), 1802-1819.

Maurice, D., Y. Adamu, M. Joseph, 2015. Analysis of Cost Efficiency in Food Production Among Small-scale Farmers in Adamawa State, Nigeria, Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14, 17-25,

Masterson, J., 2007. Productivity, Technical Efficiency, and Farm Size in Paraguayan Agriculture. Working Paper No. 490, The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection.

Masuku, B. and A. Belete, 2014. Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Swaziland: An Application of the Profit Function. Journal of Agricultural Studies, 2 (2), 132-14,

Massey, R., M. Sykuta, V. Pierce, 2020. Contracts in agriculture. Farm management. University of Missouri. https://extension.missouri.edu/media/wysiwyg/Extensiondata/Pub/pdf/agguides/agecon/g00312.pdf

Mykhailova L., N Stoyanets, A Mykhailov, T Kharchenko, H Bachev (2018): Sustainable development of the Ukrainian agrarian sector: perspectives and challenges, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16, 3, 28-39.

Mugwagwa, I., J. Bijman, J. Trienekens, 2020. Typology of contract farming arrangements: a transaction cost perspective, AGREKON, 59 (2), 169-187.

Okoruwa, V., A. Akindeinde, K. Salimonu, 2009. Relative Economic Efficiency of Fars in Rive Production: A Profit Function Approach in North Central Nigeria, Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 10(2), 279-286.

Skarżyńska, A., 2019. Economic Size and Production Efficiency of Farms Specializing in Field Crops in Poland. Problems of Agricultural Economics, 1(358), 64-87.

Sykuta, M. and M. Cook, 2001. A new institutional economics approach to contracts and cooperatives. American journal of agricultural economics, 83(5), 1273-1279.

Tanic S., T Lonc (2004): Farm Commercialisation and Income Diversification of the Road to EU Accession (Коммерциализация ферм и диверсификация доходов на пути к вступлению в ЕС), FAO.

Terziev D., P Zhou, R Terziyska, D Zhang, 2018. Food Safety: Technologies and Governance, Sofia: Yearbook of UNWE, 121-140.

Tesema, T., 2021. Determinants of allocative and economic efficiency in crop-livestock integration in western part of Ethiopia evidence from Horro district: data envelopment approach. Heliyon, 7.

Valentinov, V. and J. Curtiss, 2005. Toward a transaction cost theory of organizational change in transitional agriculture, Eastern European Economics, 43 (5), 25-45.

Westerink, J., R. Jongeneel, N. Polman, K. Prager, J. Franks, P. Dupraz, E. Mettepenningen, 2017. Collaborative governance arrangements to deliver spatially coordinated agri-environmental management. Land Use Policy, 69, 176-192.

Williamson, O., 1996. The Mechanisms of Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zaimova, D., 2011. Methods for Assessing Economic Efficiency of Agricultural Farms, Economic Thought, 2, 81-94.

Башев Х., 2012а. Ефективност на икономическите организации и обществената интервенция в земеделието, Икономика и управление на селското стопанство, бр.3, 24-44.

Башев Х., 2012б. Ефективност на фермите и аграрните организации, Икономическа мисъл, бр. 4, 46-77.

Башев Х. (2009): Управление на услугите на агро-екосистемите, Икономика и управление на селското стопанство No 6, 3-20.

Башев Х. (2012): Ефективност на фермите и аграрните организации, Икономическа мисъл, бр. 4, 46-77.

Башев Х. (2014): Екоуправление в селското стопанство, Икономическа мисъл, бр.1, 29-55.

Башев Х. (2015): Подход за оценка на устойчивостта на земеделските стопанства, сп.Икономика и управление на селското стопанство, 3, 12-36.

Башев Х. (2018): Въздействие На Пазарните, Частните, Колективните И Хибридните Форми На Управление Върху Аграрната Устойчивост В България, Икономика 21 8 (2), 131-176.

Башев Х., Б. Иванов, Д. Тотева (2019): Оценка на устойчивостта на основните подотрасли на българското селско стопанство, Икономика и управление на селското стопанство, 2, 34-50.

Башев Х., Б. Иванов, Д. Тотева (2019): Оценка на социално-икономическата и екологична устойчивост на аграрните екосистеми в България, Икономическа мисъл, бр.2, 33-56.

Башев Х., Б. Иванов, Д. Митова, П. Маринов, К. Тодорова, А. Митов (2020): ПОДХОД ЗА ОЦЕНКА НА УПРАВЛЕНИЕТО НА УСЛУГИТЕ НА АГРОЕКОСИСТЕМИТЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ, ИАИ – София.

Башев Х. (2020): ПОДХОД ЗА АНАЛИЗ И УСЪВЪРШЕНСТВАНЕ НА УПРАВЛЕНИЕТО НАУСЛУГИТЕ НА АГРО-ЕКОСИТЕМИТЕ, Икономика и управление на селското стопанство, бр. 3, 27-48.

Башев Х. (2020): ДЕФИНИРАНЕ, АНАЛИЗИРАНЕ И УСЪВЪРШЕНСТВАНЕ НА УПРАВЛЕНИЕТО НА УСЛУГИТЕ НА АГРО-ЕКОСИТЕМИТЕ, Икономическа мисъл, бр. 4, 3-30.

Башев Х. (2022): Подход за разбиране и оценяване на управленческата ефективност на земеделските стопанства, Народностопански архив, No 2, 22-41.

Башев Х., Б. Иванов, Д. Митова, И. Боевски, П. Маринов, А. Саров, Д. Цвяткова, К. Костенаров, Д. Ванев (2021): МЕХАНИЗМИ И ФОРМИ НА УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА АГРОЕКОСИСТЕМНИТЕ УСЛУГИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ, ИАИ.

Иванов Б., С Маринова, Х Башев, В Георгиева (2020): Икономически и екологични ефекти от използване на утайките в земеделието, Екологично инженерство и опазване на околната среда 3, 44-53.

Котева, Н. , 2014. Икономическа ефективност на земеделските стопанства в България. Икономика и управление на селското стопанство, 59 (2), 20-32.

МЗХГ, 2021. Преброяване на земеделските стопанства в България, МЗХГ.

Радева Д., 2017. Икономика на новото алтернативно земеделие - пермакултура. Дисертационен труд за присъждане на образователна и научна степен „доктор“, УНСС.

Саров А. (2017): Управление на земеделските кооперации – предизвикателства и перспективи. Дисертационен труд за присъждане на образователна и научна степен „доктор“, ИАИ.

Терзийска Р., 2016. Управление на мрежовите структури в агробизнеса. Дисертационен труд за присъждане на образователна и научна степен „доктор“, УНСС.