White discrimination in provision of black education: plantations and towns

Canaday, Neil and Tamura, Robert (2007): White discrimination in provision of black education: plantations and towns.

Abstract

We present a model of public provision of education for blacks in two discriminatory regimes, white plantation controlled, and white town controlled. We show that the ability to migrate to a non-discriminating district constrains the ability of both types of whites to discriminate. The model produces time series of educational outcomes for whites and blacks that mimic the behavior seen in Post Reconstruction South Carolina to the onset of the Civil Rights Act. It also fits the Post World War II black-white income differentials.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: discriminatory education provision; black-white education differences
• Subjects: J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J7 - Labor Discrimination > J71 - Discrimination; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor > J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J4 - Particular Labor Markets > J42 - Monopsony ; Segmented Labor Markets

References

Alston, Lee J., and Higgs, Robert. "Contractural Mix in Southern Agriculture Since the Civil War: Fact, Hypotheses, and Tests," Journal of Economic History 42, 1982: 327-353. Alston, Lee J., and Ferrie, Joseph P. Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Anderson, James, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. Baier, Scott, Mulholland, Sean, Tamura, Robert and Turner, Chad. "Income and Education of the States of the United States: 1840-2000," Clemson University working paper 2004. Becker, Gary S., Murphy, Kevin M., and Tamura, Robert. "Human Capital, Fertility and Economic Growth," Journal of Political Economy 98, 1990: S12-S37. Benabou, Roland. "Workings of a City: Location, Education and Production," Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, 1993: 619-652. Benabou, Roland. "Equity and Efficiency in Human Capital Investment: The Local Connection," Review of Economic Studies 62, 1996a: 237-264. Benabou, Roland. "Heterogeneity, Stratification and Growth: Macroeconomic Implications of Community Structure and School Finance," American Economic Review 86, 1996b: 584-609. Bowles, Samuel. "Migration as Investment: Empirical Tests of the Human Capital Approach to Geographic Mobility," Review of Economic Statistics 52, 1970: 356-362. Butler, R., Heckman, James J., Payner, Brook. "The Impact of the Economy and the State on the Economic Status of Blacks: A Study of South Carolina," in D. Galenson editor, Markets and Institutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989: 321-343. Canaday, Neil. Taxation and the Determinants of Public Spending on the Education of African Americans Under Segregation: Evidence from South Carolina, 1895-1960, Clemson University Dissertation, 2003. Canaday, Neil. "Who Paid for Black Schools During Segregation? New Evidence from South Carolina Microdata," Clemson University working paper, 2004. Card, David, and Krueger, Alan. "Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Public Schools in the United States," Journal of Political Economy 100, 1992: 1-40. Card, David, and Krueger, Alan. "Trends in Relative Black-White Earnings Revisited," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 83, 1993: 85-91. Couch, Kenneth, and Daly, Mary. "Black-White Wage Inequality in the 1990s: A Decade of Progress," University of Connecticut working paper, 2000. DeCanio, Stephen J. Agriculture in the Postbellum South: The Economics of Production and Supply, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1974. Donohue, J., Heckman, James, J., and Todd, Petra. "The Schooling of Southern Blacks: The Roles of Legal Activism and Private Philanthropy, 1910-1960," Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, 2002: 225-268. Du Bois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward A History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880, New York: Russell & Russell, 1935. Grossman, James, R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Hanushek, Eric A. "The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools," Journal of Economic Literature 24, 1986: 1141-1177. Heckman, James J. and Payner, Brook. "Determining the Impact of Federal Anti-Discrimination Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks: A Study of South Carolina," American Economic Review 79, 1989: 138-177. Heckman, James J. "The Central Role of the South in Accounting for the Economic Progress of Black Americans," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 80, 1990: 242-246. Heckman, James J., Lyons, Thomas M., and Todd, Petra. "Understanding Black-White Wage Differentials, 1960-1990," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 90, 2000: 344-349. Higgs, Robert. Competition and Coercion: Blacks in the American Economy, 1865-1914, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1977. Hoxby, Caroline. "How Teachers' Unions Affect Education Production," Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, 1996: 671-718. Kurian, George Thomas. Datapedia of the United States: 1790-2005, Lanham, MD: Bernan, 2001. Lucas, Robert E., Jr. "On the Mechanics of Economic Development," Journal of Monetary Economics 22, 1988: 3-42. Margo, Robert. "Race and Human Capital: Comment," American Economic Review 76, 1986: 1221-1224. Margo, Robert. "Educational Achievement in Segregated School Systems: The Effects of "Separate-but-Equal"," American Economic Review 76, 1986: 794-801. Margo, Robert. Race and Schooling in the South, 1880-1950, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Margo, Robert. "Segregated SChools and the Mobility Hypothesis: A Model of Local Government Discrimination," Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, 1991: 61-73. Margo, Robert, and Finegan, T. Aldrich. "The Decline in Black Teenage Labor-Force Participation in the South, 1900-1970: The Role of Schooling," American Economic Review 83, 1993: 234-247. Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma, Harper, 1948. Orazem, Peter. "Black-White Differences in Schooling Investment and Human Capital Production in Segregated Schools," American Economic Review 77, 1987: 714-723. Ransom, R. L., and Sutch, R. One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978. Reid, Joseph D., Jr. "Sharecropping as an Understandable Market Response: The Post-Bellum South," Journal of Economic History 33, 1973: 106-130. Romer, Paul. "Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth," Journal of Political Economy 94, 1986: 1002-1037. Simon, Curtis P. and Tamura, Robert. "Fertility Declines and Baby Booms," Clemson University working paper, 2007. Smith, James P. "Race and Human Capital," American Economic Review 74, 1984: 685-698. Smith, James P. "Race and Human Capital: Reply," American Economic Review 76, 1986: 1225-1229. Smith, James P. "Affirmative Action and the Racial Wage Gap," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 83, 1993: 79-84. Smith, James P. and Welch, Finis. "Black Economic Progress After Myrdal," Journal of Economic Literature 27, 1989: 519-564. Tamura, Robert. "Efficient Equilibrium Convergence: Heterogeneity and Growth," Journal of Economic Theory 58, 1992: 355-376. Tamura, Robert. "Regional Economies and Market Integration," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 20, 1996: 825-845. Tamura, Robert. "Teachers, Growth and Convergence," Journal of Political Economy 109, 2001: 1021-1059. Tamura, Robert. "Human Capital and the Switch from Agriculture to Industry," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 27, 2002: 207-242. Tamura, Robert. "Human Capital and Economic Development," Journal of Development Economics 79, 2006: 26-72. Tindall, George B. "The Campaign for Disenfranchisement of Negroes in South Carolina," Journal of Southern History 15, 1949: 212-234. U.S. Department of Commerce. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975. U.S. Department of Commerce. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1992 and 2002, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992 and 2002. Whatley, Warren. "Getting a Foot in the Door: "Learning," State Dependence, and the Racial Integration of Firms," Journal of Economic History 50, 1990: 43-66. Wiener, Jonathan M. "Class Structure and Economic Development in the American South, 1865-1955," The American Historical Review 84, 1979: 970-992. Woodman, Harold D. "Class Structure and Economic Development in the American South, 1865-1955: Comments," The American Historical Review 84, 1979: 993-1001. Woodman, Harold D. New South New Law: The Legal Foundations of Credit and Labor Relations in the Postbellum Agricultural South, Baton Rouge: Lousiana State University Press, 1995. Wright, Gavin. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War, New York, Basic Books, 1986.