Environmental Risks between Conceptualization and Action

Grozavu, Adrian and Mihai, Florin-Constantin (2018): Environmental Risks between Conceptualization and Action. Published in: Environmental Risks No. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81072 (10 ['lib/utils:month_18' not defined] 0002): pp. 1-12.

Abstract

Changes in the contemporary world materialized in particular through population growth and mobility, urbanization, and economic expansion also result in an increased exposure of people and assets to extreme events and impose, implicitly, adequate management of induced risks. The occurrence of natural and anthropogenic risk phenomena, known as hazards, puts a heavy tribute on disaster-sensitive human communities regardless of their level of development. The magnitude of the disasters and their increasing frequency and severity imply the need for their approach by the entire world community and for global action. Knowledge of risks becomes a sine qua condition in carrying out impact studies, risk prevention plans, spatial planning plans, and, in general, a condition for effective management of natural resources or sustainable development projects.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: risks analysis, natural hazards, pollution, climate change,anthropogenic hazards, vulnerability, exposure
• Subjects: H - Public Economics > H1 - Structure and Scope of Government > H12 - Crisis Management; K - Law and Economics > K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law > K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law; L - Industrial Organization > L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities > L97 - Utilities: General; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development > O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development > O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis ; Housing ; Infrastructure; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity > O44 - Environment and Growth; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O50 - General; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters and Their Management ; Global Warming; Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics ; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q5 - Environmental Economics > Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounts and Accounting ; Environmental Equity ; Population Growth; R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R4 - Transportation Economics > R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion ; Travel Time ; Safety and Accidents ; Transportation Noise; R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R5 - Regional Government Analysis > R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy

References

United Nations General Assembly. Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction. December 2016. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/50683_oiewgreport english. pdf [Accessed: June 28, 2018]

Smith K, Petley DN. Environmental hazards. In: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster. 5th ed. New York, USA: Routledge; 2008

Stânga IC, Grozavu A. Quantifying human vulnerability in rural areas: Case study of Tutova Hills (Eastern Romania). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2012;12:1987-2001. DOI: 10.5194/nhess-12-1987-2012

Hufschmidt G. A comparative analysis of several vulnerability concepts. Natural Hazards. 2011;58:621-643. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-011-9823-7

Birkmann J, Kienberger S, Alexander DE, editors. Assessment of Vulnerability to Natural Hazards. A European Perspective. San Diego, USA: Elsevier; 2014

Cred Crunch 50. EM-DAT The International Disaster Database. Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters-CRED. Natural Disasters in 2017: Lower mortality, higher cost. 2018. Available at https://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/CredCrunch50. pdf [Accessed: June 26, 2018]

Kousky C, Rostapshova O, Toman M, Zeckhauser R. Responding to Threats of Climate Change Mega-Catastrophes, Policy Research Working Paper 5127. The World Bank Development Research Group, Environment and Energy Team; November 2009. Available at: http://www.rff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/Download/RFF-DP-09-45.pdf [Accessed: June 28, 2018]

IPCC. Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. In: Pachauri RK, Meyer LA, editors. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC; 2014: 151 pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full. pdf [Accessed: June 26, 2018]

Mihai FC. One global map but different worlds: Worldwide survey of human access to basic utilities. Human Ecology. 2017;45(3):425-429. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-017-9904-7

UN-HABITAT. Global atlas of excreta, wastewater sludge, and biosolids management: Moving forward the sustainable and welcome uses of a global resource. 2008. Available at:https://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/habitat2008.pdf [Accessed: June 26, 2018]

Landrigan PJ et al. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet. 2018; 391(10119):462-512). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0

Mihai F-C. Rural plastic emissions into the largest mountain lake of the Eastern Carpathians. Royal Society Open Science. 2018;5(5):172396. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172396

Lamond J, Bhattacharya N, Bloch R. The role of solid waste management as a response to urban flood risk In developing countries. A case study analysis. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2012;159:193-205. DOI: 10.2495/FRIAR120161

UNEP. Africa Waste Management Outlook. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme; 2018

Kelly-Reif K, Wing S. Urban-rural exploitation: An underappreciated dimension of environmental injustice. Journal of Rural Studies. 2016;47:350-358. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.010

Price RA. Environmental impact assessments in refugee crises. K4D Helpdesk Report. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies; 2017. Available from: https://assets.pub lishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a5f2cdbed915d7dfea66cd8/229-EIA-in-refugee-crises.pdf[Accessed: June 26, 2018]

Mazza A, Piscitelli P, Neglia C, Rosa GD, Iannuzzi L. Illegal dumping of toxic waste and its effect on human health in Campania, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015;12(6):6818-6831. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120606818

Grant K et al. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: A systematic review. The Lancet Global Health. 2013;1(6):e350-e361. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70101-3

WHO Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Chil dren’s Fund (UNICEF); 2017. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

van Westen CJ, Greiving S. Multi-hazard risk assessment and decision making. In: Dalezios NR, editor. Environmental Hazards Methodologies for Risk Assessment and Management. London: IWA Publishing; 2017. pp. 31-94

UNISDR 2017. United nations plan of action on disaster risk reduction for resilience. Towards a Risk-informed and Integrated Approach to Sustainable Development. Available from:https://www.preventionweb.net/files/49076_unplanofaction.pdf [Accessed: June 26, 2018]

Birkmann J. Indicators and criteria for measuring vulnerability: Theoretical bases and requirements. In: Birkmann J, editor. Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards—Towards Disaster Resilient Societies. Tokyo: United Nations University Press; 2006. pp. 55-77

Fuchs S, Birkmann J, Glade T. Vulnerability assessment in natural hazard and risk analy sis:Current approaches and future challenges. Natural Hazards. 2012;64:1969-1975. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0352-9