Dulling the Cutting Edge: How Patent-Related Policies and Practices Hamper Innovation in China

Prud'homme, Dan (2012): Dulling the Cutting Edge: How Patent-Related Policies and Practices Hamper Innovation in China. Published in: European Union Chamber of Commerce in China Publications , Vol. 1, No. August 2012 (August 2012): pp. 1-229.

Abstract

This study’s statistical analysis shows that patent quality and innovation in China deserve improvement, and an in-depth legal, management science, and economic analysis in the study shows that various patent-related policies and practices actually hamper patent quality and innovation in China. Over 50 recommendations for reform are provided. The study is divided into four chapters, summaries of which are as follows:

Chapter 1: Although China became the world leader in quantity of domestically filed patent applications in 2011, the quality of these patents needs improvement. Also, while certain innovation in China is rising, the country’s actual innovation appears overhyped by some sources.

Chapter 2: There appears to be an overly heavy focus on government-set quantitative patent targets in China, which can hamper patent quality and innovation. This overemphasis involves over 10 national-level and over 150 municipal/provincial quantitative patent targets, mostly to be met by 2015, which are also linked to performance evaluations for SoEs, Party officials and government ministries, universities and research institutes, and other entities.

Chapter 3: China has a wide-range of other policies, many of which are at least partially meant to encourage patents, that can actually discourage quality patents, and highest-quality patents in particular, and innovation. Examples of these policies include a variety of measures with requirements for “indigenous intellectual property rights” that are linked to financial incentives (many of which are unrelated to government procurement); a range of other government-provided financial incentives for patent development (e.g. certain patent filing subsidies); inappropriate inventor remuneration rules; discriminatory standardisation approaches; and a wide range of others.

Chapter 4: There are a host of concerns surrounding rules and procedures for patent application review and those for enforcement of patent disputes that can hamper building of quality patents and innovation in China. These include concerns about abuse of patent rights, difficulties invalidating utility models, and a wide range of other issues.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: China's innovation; indigenous innovation policies; innovation incentives; patent quality; China's patent targets; China's patent policy; Dan Prud'homme; patent enforcement
• Subjects: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O38 - Government Policy; P - Economic Systems > P4 - Other Economic Systems > P48 - Political Economy ; Legal Institutions ; Property Rights ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Regional Studies; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; K - Law and Economics > K1 - Basic Areas of Law > K11 - Property Law; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights; K - Law and Economics > K2 - Regulation and Business Law; L - Industrial Organization > L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy > L51 - Economics of Regulation; K - Law and Economics > K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O2 - Development Planning and Policy; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O39 - Other; D - Microeconomics > D2 - Production and Organizations > D23 - Organizational Behavior ; Transaction Costs ; Property Rights; D - Microeconomics > D0 - General > D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles; O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth > O3 - Innovation ; Research and Development ; Technological Change ; Intellectual Property Rights > O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

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Stembridge, B. (2011). Chinese patenting: Report on the current state of innovation in China. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved from http://ip.thomsonreuters.com/

Stewart, T. (2007). China’s industrial subsidies study: High technology. Trade Lawyers Advisory Group. Retrieved from http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2008/TLAG%20Study%20-%20China%27s%20Industrial%20Subsidies%20High%20Technology.pdf

Sun, H. (2004). Post-grant patent invalidation in China and in the United States, Europe, and Japan: A Comparative Study. Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal.

Suthersanen, U. (2006). Utility models and innovation in developing countries. (UNCTAD Project on IPRs and Sustainable Development, Issue paper No.13). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Retrieved from http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteipc20066_en.pdf

Testimony of Dan Breznitz to the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission. (2012, May10). Retrieved from http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2012hearings/written_testimonies/12_5_10/breznitz.pdf

The contrasting relationship between independent intellectual property rights and non-independent intellectual property rights. (2011). Zhonggu Law Online. Retrieved from http://news.9ask.cn/zclaw/zczs/smzc/201105/1210223.shtml

The patent quality challenge facing China and its businesses. (2011, January 20). Intellectual Asset Management Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.iam-magazine.com/issues/article.ashx?g=64724577-cf28-4cb1-bad6-c012264ee060

The quality patent challenge facing China and its businesses. (2011, January 20). IAM Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.iam-magazine.com/issues/article.ashx?g=64724577-cf28-4cb1-bad6-c012264ee060

Thirty provinces lower GDP growth target. (2012, February 23). China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-02/23/content_14679318.htm

Torch Hi-tech Industry Development Center of MoST (http://www.chinatorch.gov.cn/index.html)

US Patent and Trademark Office [USPTO]. (2012). Patent enforcement in China: Summary chart of industry views. Retrieved from http://www.uspto.gov/ip/global/enforcement/Summary_Chart_of_Issues_and_Recommendations_9-1-11.pdf

US Patent and Trademark Office [USPTO]. (2012). Report on patent enforcement in China. Retrieved from http://www.uspto.gov/ip/global/enforcement/Report_on_Patent_Enforcement_in_China.jsp

US-China Business Council [USCBC]. (2011, March). Issues brief: China’s domestic innovation and Government procurement policies. Retrieved from https://www.uschina.org/public/documents/2011/innovation_procurement_brief.pdf

USTR. (2007). 2007 National trade estimate report on foreign barriers. US Trade Office Representative. Retrieved from http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2007/NTE/asset_upload_file855_10945.pdf\

USTR. (2011). 2011 National trade estimate report on foreign trade barriers: China. United States Trade Representative. Retrieved from http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/2694

Vaitheeswaran, V. V. (2012). Need, speed, and greed: How the new rules of innovation can transform businesses, propel nations to greatness, and tame the World’s most wicked problems. New York, NY. Harper Collins. Wagner, P. R. (2009). Understanding patent quality mechanisms. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved from http://www.ftc.gov/bc/workshops/ipmarketplace/apr17/docs/rwagner2.pdfhttp://www.ftc.gov/bc/workshops/ipmarketplace/apr17/docs/rwagner2.pdf

Wang, B. (2012, February 13-14). Working with Chinese Universities – IP issues in agreements. [Presentation]. 3rd Advanced China IP Counsel Forum, Shanghai Wild J. (2011, January). Quality is China’s biggest patent challenge. Intellectual Assessment Management. Retrieved from http://www.iam-magazine.com/blog/Detail.aspx?g=e81c5421-bccc-4eb5-9895-f347443cf73e

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WIPO. (2012, March 5). International Patent Filings Set New Record in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2012/article_0001.html

Wolf, A. (2011, May). Alan Wolff’s testimony on “China’s Indigenous Innovation Policy”. Hearing before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Retrieved from http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2011hearings/written_testimonies/11_05_04_wrt/11_05_04_wollf_testimony.pdf

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World bank. (2012). China 2030: Building a modern, harmonious, and creative high-income society. Retrieved from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/02/28/000356161_20120228001303/Rendered/PDF/671790WP0P127500China020300complete.pdf

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World Intellectual Property Organization [WIPO]. (2011). World Intellectual Property Report. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/intproperty/944/wipo_pub_944_2011.pdf

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Zhou, E. Y., & Stembridge B. (2010). Patented in China II: The present and future state of innovation in China. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved from http://ip.thomsonreuters.com/content/patented-china-ii

CONSULTATIONS:

2011, October 28- Meeting with SIPO Commissioner Tian Lipu, other senior SIPO officials, and European Chamber representatives

2012, January 19- Consultations with a member of the European Chamber

2012, January 19- Consultations with members of the European Chamber

2012, February 15- Consultations with several professional services’ consultants in Shanghai

2012, February 20- Consultations with an expert at the EU IPR SME Helpdesk

2012, March 6- Consultations in Shanghai with several R&D managers of large multinational companies involved in the European Chamber

2012, March 13- Consultations with several European Chamber members in Shanghai

2012, March 15- Consultations with Dr. Oliver Lutze, Co-Chair of the European Chamber’s IPR Working Group & IPR Working Group Chair in Shanghai, in Shanghai

2012, March 16- Consultations with Dr. Oliver Lutze in Shanghai

2012, March 20- Consultations with Vice Chair of the European Chamber’s IPR Working Group in Shanghai and Associate at Taylor Wessing, in Shanghai

2012, March 23- Consultations on SMEs’ internationalisation in China with a DG Enterprise representative

2012, March 23- Consultations with Paul Ranjard, Chair of the European Chamber’s Working Group in Beijing; Doug Clark, Vice Chair of the European Chamber’s Working Group in Shanghai; and Dr. Oliver Lutze

2012, March 31- Consultations with Dr. Oliver Lutze in Shanghai

2012, April 17- Consultations with several members of the European Chamber in Shanghai

2012, April 12, 18- Consultations with several Chinese companies in the nutrition and machinery industries

2012, April 18- Consultations with Dr. Oliver Lutze in Shanghai

2012, April 24- Consultations with Lin Xu in Shanghai

2012, April 25- Consultations with certain Chinese R&D managers, Shanghai

2012, May 7- Consultations with Lin Xu in Shanghai

2012, May 8- Consultations with Qu Xiaoyang, Vice Chair of the European Chamber’s IPR Working Group in Beijing

2012, May 8- Consultations with Dr. Oliver Lutze in Shanghai

2012, May 9- Consultations with several members of the European Chamber

2012, May 9- Consultations with Dr. Oliver Lutze in Shanghai

2012, May 14- Consultations with a representative in the telecom industry in the Chamber’s IPR Working Group

2012, May 15- Consultations with members of the European Chamber in Shanghai

2012, May 17- Consultations with several members of the European Chamber’s R&D Forum

2012, May 17- Consultations with members of the IPR Working Group

2012, May 17- Consultations with Lin Xu

2012, May 23- Consultations with Dr. Oliver Lutze in Shanghai

2012, May 24- Consultations with members of the IPR Working Group

2012, June 11- Consultations with Dr. Oliver Lutze in Shanghai

2012, June 12- Consultations with Elliot Papageorgiou, Executive & Partner at Rouse Legal (China), in Shanghai

2012, June 13- Consultations with Christine Yiu, Senior Associate, Bird & Bird, in Shanghai

2012, June 15- Consultations with a patent attorney based in the US

2012, June 27- Consultations with members of different working groups of the European Chamber

2012, July 10- Consultations with Elliot Papageorgiou in Shanghai

2012, July 12- Consultations with Elliot Papageorgiou in Shanghai 2012, July 13- Consultations with Christine Yiu in Shanghai

2012, July 14- Consultations in Shanghai with a member of the European Chamber

2012, July 14- Consultations with Elliot Papageorgiou in Shanghai

2012, August 2- Consultations with a member of the European Chamber in Shanghai

2012, August 2, 3, and 8- Consultations with three individuals, one based in Beijing and the other two based in Shanghai

2012, August 9- Consultations (via phone) with SIPO

LAWS, POLICIES, OTHER MEASURES, AND COURT OPINIONS

(*NOTE: This is not an exhaustive list of all such measures referenced in the study, see Table 14 for other measures)

Anhui Intellectual Property Office. (2011, November 17). Anhui’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property (patent) development. Retrieved from http://www.ahipo.gov.cn/dt2111111175.asp?DocID=2111116610

Beijing Intellectual Property Bureau, & Beijing Development and Reform Commission. (2011, August 24). Notice on launching Beijing’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property (patent) development. Retrieved from http://www.bjipo.gov.cn/zcfg/zlgh/201202/t20120207_25714.html

Beijing MoF, & Beijing Municipal Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. (2006, November 13). Beijing administrative measures of the special subsidiary funds for the formulation (revision) of technology standards. Retrieved from http://www.bjtsb.gov.cn/infoview.asp?ViewID=2711

Beijing People’s Government. (2009, May 6). Advices on implementation of Beijing intellectual property strategy compendium. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2009-05/06/content_1305629.htm

Canton Fair. (2002). Measures for complainants and settlements of infringements of intellectual property rights. Retrieved from http://www.cantonfair.org.cn/cn/service/ipp/detail.aspx?oid=11062

Chengdu High-Tech Industrial Development Zone [CDHT]. Investing in China – Government policies. Retrieved from http://www.chengduhitech.co.uk/Guide/Government_Policies.asp

Chint vs. Schneider on patent infringement

Chongqing Legislative Affairs Office. (2011, November 30). A State Council notice directing all government entities to remove any mention of linkages between indigenous innovation policy and government procurement within regulatory documents. Retrieved from http://www.cqfzb.gov.cn/Pro_General/ContentShow.aspx?ProID=49&myid=8655

Chongqing Municipal People’s Government. (2011, October 27). Chongqing’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property (patent) development. Retrieved from http://www.cqipo.gov.cn/templet/default/ShowArticle.jsp?id=5421

Criminal Law of the P.R.C

Department of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of Guangdong Province, & Department of Finance of Guangdong Province. (2011, June 14). Notice on good performance of the construction fund for Guangdong export bases of agricultural, light industry and textile products for the year of 2011. Retrieved from http://www.gddoftec.gov.cn/admin/UploadFile/2011621161019379.pdf

Department of Science and Technology in Shanxi. (2009, August 13). Launch drafting Shanxi intellectual property strategy compendium. Retrieved from http://www.shanxigov.cn/n16/n1611/n3539/n7299/n20244/8365727.html

Development and Reform Commission of Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region, & Science and Technology Office of Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region. (2011, August 8). Guangxi Zhuangzu autonomous region’s 12th Five Year Plan on science and technology development. Retrieved from http://gov.gxsti.net/zwgk/zxtz/613832.shtml

European Community, & Government of the PRC. (2000, January 11). Agreement for scientific and technological cooperation between the European Community and the government of the People’s Republic of China. Official Journal of the European Communities. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/downloadFile.do?fullText=yes&treatyTransId=784

Fourth Plenary Session of the Fifteenth Central Committee of Communist Party of China. (1999, September 22). Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on major issues concerning the reform and development of state-owned enterprises. Retrieved from http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/71380/71382/71386/4837883.html

Fujian Province People’s Government. (2010, January 30). Advices on implementation of national intellectual property strategy compendium. Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/view/3357924.htm

Gansu Intellectual Property Office. (2011, March 22). Gansu’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property (patent) development. Retrieved from http://www.gsipo.gov.cn/zcfg/detail.php?n_no=38287&dir=/%D5%FE%B2%DF%B7%A8%B9%E6/%C6%E4%CB%FB

Gansu Prisons Bureau, & Gansu Intellectual Property Department. (2009, October 1). Measures for the rewards and recognition of the invention, creation and technical innovation of prisoners within the period of execution (trial). Retrieved from http://www.sipo.gov.cn/mtjj/2009/200908/t20090803_471159.html

Gansu Province People’s Government. (2010, June 18). Notice on launching Gansu intellectual property strategy compendium. Retrieved from http://www.gsipo.gov.cn/zscqzl/detail.php?n_no=36798

Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. (2010, April 19). Notice on launching intellectual property strategy compendium of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Retrieved from http://www.akss.gov.cn/childsite/kjj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=360:2010-05-10-09-03-45&catid=46:2009-04-21-01-31-28&Itemid=77

Guangdong Intellectual Property Office. (2012, March 27). Intellectual property strategy compendium of Guangdong province (2007-2020). Retrieved from http://www.sipo.gov.cn/twzb/gdyjbkbys/bjzl/201203/t20120327_659900.html

Guangdong Province People’s Government. (2011, August 10). Guangdong’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property (patent) development. Retrieved from http://zwgk.gd.gov.cn/006939748/201108/t20110823_269558.html

Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress. (2010, February 29). News conference on promulgation and implementation of provincial independent innovation regulations. Retrieved from http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/dfrd/guangdong/2012-02/29/content_1693676.htm

Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region People’s Government. (2009, December 23). Notice of advices on launching Guangxi Zhuangzu autonomous region intellectual property strategy compendium. Retrieved from http://www.gxipo.net/zcfg/zl/554850.shtml

Guizhou Intellectual Property Office. (2009, February 14). Intellectual property strategy compendium of Guizhou province (2006-2015). Retrieved from http://www.jsip.gov.cn/news/ztbd/ztbdcs/ztbdpd9/200902/20090214_51568.html

Guizhou Intellectual Property Office. (2011, October 13). Guizhou’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property (patent) development. Retrieved from http://www.chinagzpp.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1110

Guo Ke Fa Huo, (2008, No 172). MOST, MoF, & SAT. (2008, April 14). Key high-tech fields with state support. Retrieved from http://www.wjkc.gov.cn/E_ReadNews.asp?NewsID=485

Hainan Intellectual Property Office. (2010, July 6). Intellectual property strategy compendium of Hainan province. Retrieved from http://www.hipo.gov.cn/list.asp?id=2883

Hainan Intellectual Property Office. (2011, December 27). Hainan’s 12th Five Year Plan on patent development. Retrieved from http://www.hipo.gov.cn/list.asp?id=3165

Hebei Intellectual Property Office. (2011, June 10). Hebei’s 12th Five Year Plan on patent development. Retrieved from http://218.12.44.17/content.jsp?code=40170382-3/2011-00104&name

Hebei Province People’s Government. (2009, June 22). Advices on implementation of National intellectual property strategy compendium. Retrieved from http://2010.hebstd.gov.cn/?thread-64-1.html

Heilongjiang Province People’s Government. (2011, May 22). Notice on launching Heilongjiang intellectual property strategy compendium (2011-2020). Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/view/7153606.htm

Henan Intellectual Property Office. (2008, November 23). Intellectual property strategy compendium of Henan province. Retrieved from http://www.hnpatent.gov.cn/patentwebsite/show.do?method=show&id=3577

Henan Intellectual Property Office. (2010, December 20). Henan’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property development. Retrieved from http://hnszscqzlw.cn/ArticleShow.asp?id=89

Hubei Intellectual Property Bureau. (2011, July 29). Hubei’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property (patent) development. Retrieved from http://www.hbipo.gov.cn/upfile/20100729011527652.doc

Hubei Province People’s Government. (2010, August 11). Intellectual Property strategy compendium of Hubei province. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2010-08/25/content_20711850.htm

Hunan Intellectual Property Office, & Development and Reform Commission of Hunan Province. (2012, May 7). Hunan’s 12th Five Year Plan on patent development. Retrieved from http://www.sipo.gov.cn/dtxx/zlgzdt/2012/201205/t20120507_687187.html

Hunan Province People’s Government. (2010, March 27). Intellectual Property strategy compendium of Hunan province. Retrieved from http://news.163.com/09/0327/11/55DK0BOK000120GU.html

Intellectual Property Office of Jiangsu Province. (2011, November 2). Jiangsu’s 12th Five Year Plan on patent development. Retrieved from http://www.jsip.gov.cn/laws/bmgfxwj/201112/20111216_70465.html

Intellectual Property Office of Jiangxi Province. (2011, April 6). Call for comments on Jiangxi province intellectual property strategy compendium. Retrieved from http://zl.ncinfo.gov.cn/readnews.asp?id=2292

Intellectual Property Office of Liaoning. (2011, November 15). Liaoning’s 12th Five Year Plan on patent development. Retrieved from http://www.lnipo.gov.cn/zscqjweb/zsweb/informationShow.jsp?sectorId=yewgh&infoId=bb45458632fb1d2c0133a58bdb5901b8

Intellectual Property Office of Yunnan Province. (2011, March 24). Yunnan’s 12th Five Year Plan on intellectual property (patent) development. Retrieved from http://www.ynipo.gov.cn/newsview.aspx?id=3074

Intellectual Property’s Office of Liaoning. (2011, June 8). Intellectual Property strategy compendium of Liaoning province. Retrieved from http://www.lnipo.gov.cn/zscqjweb/zsweb/informationShow.jsp?sectorId=zscqzlgy&infoId=bb4545863068d15001306d2df5070046

International Union for the Protection of New Variety of Plants [UPOV]. (1991). International convention for the protection of new varieties of plans [UPOV ‘91 version’]. Retrieved from http://www.upov.int/en/publications/conventions/1991/act1991.htm

Jiang, Z. China’s Intellectual Property Rights Protection in 2000. Retrieved from http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=dbref&id=94

Jiangsu Province People’s Government. (2009, January 5). Notice on launching intellectual property strategy compendium of Jiangsu province. Retrieved by from http://www.jsip.gov.cn/news/ywdtnews/200901/20090112_50874.html

Jinan Municipal Intellectual Property Office. (2012, March 6). 2012 Jinan standards on financial support for patents. Retrieved from http://pss-system.gov.cn/sipopublicsearch/portal/showContentDetailAC!showContentDetail.do?wee.bizlog.modulelevel=0100103&contentId=97cf5d82782840769b33880b34a6ec94&catalogIdForNV=law

Joint Meeting on the Employment of Shanghai College Graduates (2012, May). 2012 grading policy for non-Shanghainese college graduates of obtaining employment in Shanghai. Retrieved from http://life.sjtu.edu.cn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=538:2012&catid=135&Itemid=229

Liaoning Province Department of Finance, & Liaoning Province Department of Science and Technology. (2009, August 29) Liaoning province indigenous innovation product accreditation management rules (provisional). Retrieved from http://www.lninfo.gov.cn/kjzx/show.php?itemid=11867

MIIT. (2005, January 28). Opinion on accelerating the large company strategy in the electronics and information industry. Retrieved from http://www.chinabaike.com/law/zy/bw/gw/xcb/1355307_2.html

MIIT. (2009, September 18). MIIT’s report for the 60th anniversary of the PRC. Retrieved on August 15, 2012 from http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293877/n12511031/n12511106/12693827.html

MIIT, MoST, MoF, & SASAC. (2012, February 22). Indigenous innovation guidance catalogue of large technical equipment. Retrieved from http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n12843926/n13917042/14471328.html

MoF, & Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation [MOFTEC]. (2001, November 27). Administrative measures for research and development fund of export products. Retrieved from http://www.zwgk.suzhou.gov.cn/dpt/show.asp?ID=18598

MoF. (2009, September 15). Provisional measures on the administration of special patent funds for subsidizing filing patents abroad.

MoF. (2012, April 14). Administrative measures on special funds for subsidizing foreign patent applications. Retrieved from http://jjs.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/zhengcefagui/201205/t20120531_655657.html

MOFCOM, & MoF. (2007, September 3). Application guidance for fund for the optimisation of import & export of machinery & electrical product and high tech products. Retrieved from http://www.smes-tp.com/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=32448

MOFCOM, NDRC, MoST, MoF, MIIT, the People’s Bank of China [PboC], General Administration of Customs [GAC], State Administration of Taxation (SAT), & General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine [AQSIQ]. (2006, May 27). Opinions on accelerating the transformation of the export growth of electromechanical products within the period of Eleventh Five Year. Retrieved from http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/difang/ningxia/200609/20060903039965.html

MOFCOM, SAIC, NCAC, & SIPO. (2006, January 10). Protection measures for intellectual property rights during exhibitions (trade fair protection measures). Retrieved from http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/en/b/2006-01-10/7876.shtml

MOFCOM. (2006, December 31). Trial measures for the administration of the accreditation of national indigenous innovation products. Retrieved from http://big5.mofcom.gov.cn/gate/big5/im.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/subject/zsjm/localcc/201012/20101207305384.html

MOFCOM. (2009, February 1). Measures of the administration of technology import and export contracts registration, [decree No. 3, 2009]. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2009-02/04/content_1221640.htm

MOFTEC. (2001, December 30). Measures for the administration of technology import and export contracts registration, [Decree No. 17, 2001]. Retrieved from http://www.lawinfochina.com/Display.aspx?lib=law&Cgid=38067

MOST, & MoF. (1999, May 21). The regulations on the innovation fund for small technology-based firms (provisional). Retrieved from http://www.innofund.gov.cn/innofile/se_02.asp

MOST, MoF, & SAT (2008, July 8). Working guidance on the recognition of hi-tech enterprises. Retrieved from http://www.most.gov.cn/gxjscykfq/wj/200810/t20081029_64626.htm

MOST, MoF, & SAT. (2008, April 14). Administrative measures for the recognition of hi-tech enterprise. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-04/24/content_953215.htm

MOST, NDRC, & MoF. (2007). Hebei Province indigenous innovation product accreditation management rules (provisional). Retrieved from http://www.tsdrc.gov.cn/a/xinxigongkai/gaoxinjishu/2010/0308/1798.html

MOST, NDRC, & MOF. (2011, July 4). Notice on voiding “trial measures for the administration of the accreditation of national indigenous products (2006)”. Retrieved from http://www.jskw.gov.cn/FileUpload/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%81%9C%E6%AD%A2%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E3%80%8A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E8%AE%A4%E5%AE%9A%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%88%E8%AF%95%E8%A1%8C%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5.pdf

MOST. (2000, November 23). Guide for cognizance of independent intellectual property in the high-tech industry. Retrieved from http://www.docin.com/p-85079977.html#documentinfo

MOST. (2000, November 23). Guide on the accreditation of the indigenous intellectual property rights in the high-tech industry. Retrieved from http://www.docin.com/p-85079977.html#documentinfo

MOST. (2007, February 26). Measures on the interpretation of national independent innovation products. Retrieved from http://www.most.gov.cn/ztzl/cxqygzhy/cxqyhydt/200702/t20070226_41506.htm

MOST. (2010, April 9). April 2010 draft notice on indigenous innovation product accreditation. Retrieved from http://www.most.gov.cn/tztg/201004/t20100409_76710.htm

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National Intellectual-Property Strategy [NIPSO]. (2012, April 12). 2012 major tasks on implementation of Fujian’s IP strategy. Retrieved from http://www.nipso.cn/onews.asp?id=13601

National Intellectual-Property Strategy [NIPSO]. (2012, April 12). 2012 major tasks on implementation of Gansu’s IP strategy. Retrieved from http://www.nipso.cn/onews.asp?id=13587

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