Do services reduce gender inequality in labor markets? The service sector, knnowledge-intensive services and the gender pay gap

Dueñas, Diego and Iglesias, Carlos and Llorente, Raquel (2014): Do services reduce gender inequality in labor markets? The service sector, knnowledge-intensive services and the gender pay gap.

Abstract

The expansion of services and the dissemination of information technologies and communication are identified as important factors that can improve employment opportunities for women, reducing labor by gender differences. The objective of the study is to determine the extent to which services and especially those most closely linked with the knowledge and ICTs such as Knowledge Intensive Services (KIS) are changing some of the basics of labor gender differences. To do it: a), we first measure and characterize employment related with Services and KIS; b), to compare thenn existing wage differentials in these activities with the observed in the whole economy; c), and conclude whether the Services and / or KIS introduce some significant improvement.

• Item Type: MPRA Paper
• Language: English
• Keywords: GENDER, ICT ,GENDER-WAGE-GAP, OAXACA-BLINDER, QUANTILE
• Subjects: J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J16 - Economics of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs > J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials; J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J7 - Labor Discrimination > J71 - Discrimination

References

 Akerlof, G. and Kranton, R. (2000). “Economics and Identity”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115 (3), 715-753.

 Altonji, J. and Blank, R. (1999) "Race and Gender in the Labor Market," en: O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 48, pages 3143-3259 Elsevier.

 Arrow (1973). “The Thoery of Discrimination”, En OA. Ashenfelter y A. Rees. Discrimination in Labor Markets. Princeton University Press. Princeton.

 Becker, G. (1965): “A Theory of the Allocation of Time”, Economic Journal, 75, 229, 493-517.

 Becker, GS. (1957).The Economics of Discrimination, Chicago University Press.

 Bergmann, B. (1971), "Occupational segregation, wages, and profits when employers discriminate by race and sex", Eastern Economic Journal, 1: 103-110.

 Bertrand, M. (2010). “New Perspectives on Gender”. Cap. 17 de David Card and Orley Ashenfelter. Handbook of Labor Economics. Vol. 4b. Elsevier. London.

 Boden, M. y Miles, I (2000). Services and the Knowledge-based economy. Continuum. London.

 Carnoy, M. (2002).Sustaining the New Economy. Work, Family and Community in the Information Age, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

 Carrasco, R., Jimeno, JF. and Ortega, AC. (2011). “Accounting for changes in the Spanish wage distribution: the role of employment Composition effects”. Banco de España. Working Papers, 1120.

 Castaño, C., Martín, J., Vázquez, S. and Martínez, JL. (2010). “Female executives and the Glass Ceiling in Spain”. International Labour Review, 149 (3), 343-360.

 Castaño y Webster (2011). “Understanding Women's Presence in ICT: the Life Course Perspective”. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology.3/2, 364 - 386.

 Chen (2004). “Gender equality and economic development: the role for information and communication technologies" Policy Research Working Paper, 3285, The World Bank.

 Consoli, D., & Elche-Hortelano, D. (2010) “Variety in the knowledge base of Knowledge Intensive Business Services”, Research Policy, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 1303–1310.

 De la Rica, S., Dolado, J.J. y Vegas, R. (2010) “Performance Pay and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from Spain”. IZA Discussion Papers Nº 5032.

 Dolado, J.J. y Llorens, V. (2004) “Gender Wage Gaps by Education in Spain: Glass Floors vs. Glass Ceiling”. CEMFI Working Paper Nº 0403

 Dolado, J.J., Felgueroso, F. and Jimeno, J. F. (2002) “Recent Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender: A Look Across The Atlantic”. Documentos de trabajo de FEDEA. April. Vol. 2002-11.

 Dueñas, D., Iglesias, C. y Llorente, R. (2014): "Expulsion or confinement? A comparative perspective on occupational segregation by sex in Spain", International Labour Review, 2

 Eurostat (2013). Science, technology and innovation in Europe. Eurostat. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-GN-13-001/EN/KS-GN-13-001-EN.PDF. (Consulted 11-02/2014).

 Fernández (2007). “Women, Work and Culture”. Journal of the European Economic Association, 5, 2-3, 305-332.

 Galor, O. y Weil, D. (1996). “The Gender Gao, Fertility and Growth” American Economic Review, 86, 3, 374-87,

 Garzeazábal, J. and Ugidos, A. (2005). “Gender wage discrimination at quantiles”. Journal of Population Economics, 18 (1), 165-179.

 Goldin, C. (2006). “The Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women’s Employment, Education and Family”. American Economic Review, 96 (2), 1-21.

 Hafkin y Huyer (2006). Cinderella Or Cyberella?: Empowering Women in the Knowledge Society. Kumarian Press. 2006.

 Heckman, J. (1979) “Sample selection bias as a specification error”. Econometrica 47, 153--161.

 Iglesias, C., Llorente, R. y Cuadrado, R. (2003). “Employment Tertiarisation and Emerging New Patterns of Work. The Spanish Case” The Service Industries Journal, 23 / 3 / 125-152.

 Iglesias, C. y Llorente, R. (2008): “Evolución reciente de la segregación laboral por género en España”, Documento de Trabajo del Instituto de Análisis Económico y Social (IAES). 13/2008.

 Iglesias, C., Llorente, R. y Dueñas, D. (2010) “Job quality, job satisfaction and services in Spain”. Journal of Innovation Economics, 5, 147-168.

 ILO (2001). World Employment Report 2001. International Labor Organization.

 Llorente, R., Iglesias, C., y Dueñas, D. (2013) “Do information and communication technologies improve the female labor situation? The impact of ICT on gender wage differences in Spain” Information and Communications Technology: New Research. Nova Publishers.

 Melhem,S., Morrell C and Tandon, N. (2009). “Information and Communication Technologies for Women’s Socioeconomic Empowerment”. World Bank. WP, 176.

 Melly, Blaise (2006) “Estimation of counterfactual distributions using quantile regression”, 2006, kein Review. University of St. Gallen. S. 50.

 Muller, E. and Doloreux, D. (2009). “What we should know about knowledge-intensive business services”. Technology and Society, 31, 64-72.

 Neumark, D. (1988). “Employers' Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination”.The Journal of Human Resources Nº 23.

 Ng y Mitter (2005). Gender and the Digital Economy: Perspectives from the Developing World. Sage Publication.

 Ngay, R. y Petrongolo, B. (2013). “Gender Gaps and the Rise of the Service Economy”. Centre for Economic Performance. Discussion Paper 1204. London School of Economics and Political Science.

 Nierling, L. (2008). “Future gender relations in global restructuring processes. Case study evidence from knowledge-intensive, manufacturing and service occupations”. Enterprise and Work Innovation Studies, 4, 197-128.

 Oaxaca, R.L. and Ransom, M.R. (1994). “On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials”. Journal of Econometrics Nº 61.

 Oaxaca, R.L. and Ransom, M.R. (1999). “Identification in Detailed Wage Decompositions”. The Review of Economics and Statistics Nº 81.

 OECD (2007) "ICTs and Gender".OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 129, OECD publishing.

 Phelps, E. (1972), "The statistical theory of racism and sexism", American Economic Review, 62(4): 659-661.

 Rendall, M. (2010). “Brain versus Brawn: The Realization of Women’s Comparative Advantage”. Working Paper, 491. University of Zurich.

 Truss, C., Conway, E., d’Amato, A., Kelly, G., Monks, K., Hannon, E. and Flood, P. (2012). Knowledge work: gender-blind or gender-biased? Work, Employment & Society 26: 735-754