Ray, Sourav and Snir, Avichai and Levy, Daniel (2021): Retail Pricing Format and Rigidity of Regular Prices.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_110818.pdf Download (997kB) | Preview |
Abstract
We study different notions of sale and regular prices, and their variability with store pricing-formats. We use data from three large stores with different pricing-formats (EDLP/Hi-Lo/Hybrid) that are located within 1-km radius. Importantly, the data contain both the actual transaction prices and the actual regular prices as displayed on the store shelves. We combine these data with two “generated” regular price series and study their rigidity. Regular-price rigidity varies with store-formats because different format stores define regular-prices differently. Correspondingly, the meaning of price-cuts varies across store-formats. To interpret the findings, we consider the store pricing format distribution across the US.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Retail Pricing Format and Rigidity of Regular Prices |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Price Rigidity, Sticky Prices, Regular Prices, Sale Prices, Filtered Prices, Reference Prices, Transaction Prices, Price Cuts, Pricing Format, Every Day Low Price (EDLP), Hi-Lo, Hybrid |
Subjects: | E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics > E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles > E31 - Price Level ; Inflation ; Deflation E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics > E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit > E52 - Monetary Policy L - Industrial Organization > L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance L - Industrial Organization > L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance > L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure ; Size Distribution of Firms L - Industrial Organization > L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance > L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change ; Industrial Price Indices L - Industrial Organization > L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior > L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure L - Industrial Organization > L8 - Industry Studies: Services > L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M1 - Business Administration > M10 - General M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M2 - Business Economics > M21 - Business Economics M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M3 - Marketing and Advertising > M30 - General M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M3 - Marketing and Advertising > M31 - Marketing |
Item ID: | 110818 |
Depositing User: | Daniel Levy |
Date Deposited: | 25 Nov 2021 10:49 |
Last Modified: | 25 Nov 2021 10:49 |
References: | Alvarez, F., and F. Lippi (2014), “Price Setting with Menu Cost for Multiproduct Firm,” Econometrica 82(1), 89–135. Anderson, E., N. Jaimovich, and D. Simester (2015), “Price Stickiness: Empirical Evidence of the Menu Cost Channel,” Review of Economics and Statistics 97(4), 813–826. Anderson, E., B. Malin, E. Nakamura, D. Simester, and J. Steinsson (2017), “Informational Rigidities and the Stickiness of Temporary Sales,” Journal of Monetary Economics 90, 64–83. Angeloni, I. and M. Ehrmann (2007), “Euro Area Inflation Differentials,” The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics 7(1). Barsky, R., M. Bergen, S. Dutta, and D. Levy (2003), “What Can the Price Gap between Branded and Private Label Products Tell Us about Markups?” In Scanner Data and Price Indexes, R. Feenstra and M. Shapiro (Eds.), Chicago, IL: NBER and the University of Chicago Press, pp. 165–225. Bell, D.R., and J.M. Lattin (1998), “Shopping Behavior and Consumer Preference for Store Price Format: Why ‘Large Basket’ Shoppers Prefer EDLP,” Marketing Science 17(1), 66–88. Beradi, B., E. Gautier and H. Le Bihan (2015), “More Facts about Prices: France Before and During the Great Recession,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 47(8), 1465–1502. Bils, Mark, and Peter J. Klenow (2004), “Some Evidence on the Importance of Sticky Prices,” Journal of Political Economy 112, 947–985. Bolton, R. N., and Shankar, V. (2003),” An Empirically Derived Taxonomy of Retailer Pricing and Promotion Strategies,” Journal of Retailing 79(4), 213–224. Campbell, J. and B. Eden (2014), “Rigid Prices: Evidence from U.S. Scanner Data,” International Economic Review 55(2), 423–442. Cavallo, A. (2018), “Scraped Data and Sticky Prices,” Review of Economics and Statistics 100(1), 105–19. Chahrour, R. (2011), “Sales and Price Spikes in Retail Price Data,” Economics Letters 110, 143–146. Chakraborty, R., P. Dobson, J. Seaton, and M. Waterson (2015), “Pricing in Inflationary Times: The Penny Drops,” Journal of Monetary Economics 76, 71–86. Chevalier, J., and A. Kashyap (2019), “Best Prices: Price Discrimination and Consumer Substitution,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11(1), 126–159. Coibion, O., Y. Gorodnichenko, and G.H. Hong (2015), “The Cyclicality of Sales, Regular and Effective Prices: Business cycle and Policy Implications,” American Economic Review 105(3), 993–1029. DellaVigna, S. and M. Gentzkow (2019), “Uniform Pricing in US Retail Chains,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134(4), 2011–2084. Dixon, H., J. Seaton, and M. Waterson (2014), “Price Flexibility in British Supermarkets: Moderation and Recession,” Warwick Working Paper No. 1041. Dutta, S., M. Bergen, D. Levy, and R. Venable (1999), “Menu Costs, Posted Prices, and Multi-product Retailers” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 31, 683–703. Dutta, S., D. Levy, and M. Bergen (2002), “Price Flexibility in Channels of Distribution: Evidence from Scanner Data,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 26, 1845–1900. Eden, B. (2018), “Price Dispersion and Demand Uncertainty: Evidence from U.S. Scanner Data,” International Economic Review 59(3), 1035–1075. Eichenbaum, M., N. Jaimovich, and S. Rebelo (2011), “Reference Prices, Costs and Nominal Rigidities,” American Economic Review 101(1), 234–262. Ellickson, P., and S. Misra (2008), “Supermarket Pricing Strategies,” Marketing Science 27(5), 811–828. Fassnacht, M. and S. El Husseini (2013), “EDLP versus Hi-Lo Pricing Strategies in Retailing – a State of the Art Article,” Journal of Business Economics 83, 259–289. Fox, K.J, and I.A. Syed (2016), “Price Discounts and the Measurement of Inflation,” Journal of Econometrics 191, 398–406. Francis, N., M. Owyang, and T. Sekhposyan (2012), “The Local Effects of Monetary Policy,” The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics 12(2), 1–38. Gagnon, E. and D. López-Salido (2020), “Small Prices Responses to Large Demand Shocks,” Journal of the European Economic Association 18(2), 792–828. Galata, G., Randolph, E., Bucklin, R. and Hanssens, D. (1999), “On the Stability of Store Format Choice,” Working Paper, Anderson School, the UCLA. Gauri, D.K., M. Trivedi, and D. Grewal (2008), “Understanding the Determinants of Retails Strategy: An Empirical Analysis,” Journal of Retailing 84(3), 256–267. Glandon, P.J. (2018), “Sales and the (Mis)measurement of Price Level Fluctuations,” Journal of Macroeconomics 58, 60–77. Gorodnichenko, Y. and O. Talavera (2017), “Price Setting in Online Markets: Basic Facts, International Comparisons, and Cross-Border Integration,” American Economic Review 107(1), 249–282. Gorodnichenko, Y., V. Sheremirov, and O. Talavera (2018), “Price Setting in Online Markets: Does It Click?” Journal of European Economic Association 16(6), 1764–1811. Guimaraes, B., and K. Sheedy (2011), “Sales and Monetary Policy," American Economic Review 101, 844–876. Hansen, K., and V. Singh (2009), “Market Structure Across Retail Formats,” Marketing Science 28(4), 656–673. Hendel, I., and A. Nevo (2013), “Intertemporal Price Discrimination in Storable Goods Markets,” American Economic Review 103(7), 2722–2751. Hess, J.D. and E. Gerstner (1987), “Loss Leader Pricing and Rain Check Policy,” Marketing Science 6(4), 358–374. Hoch, S.J., X. Drèze, and M.E. Purk (1994), “EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic,” Journal of Marketing 50, 16–27. Huang, X. (2004), “An Empirical Investigation of Price Rigidity in the Grocery Retail Sector,” MA Thesis, Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Kehoe, P.J. and V. Midrigan (2007), “Sales and the Real Effects of Monetary Policy,” Working Paper No. 652, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Kehoe, P. and V. Midrigan (2015), “Prices Are Sticky After All,” Journal of Monetary Economics 75, 35–53. Klenow, P. and J. Willis (2007), “Sticky Information and Sticky Prices,” Journal of Monetary Economics 54, 79–99. Klenow, P., and B. Malin (2011), “Microeconomic Evidence on Price Setting.” In Friedman, B., Woodford, M. (Eds.), Handbook of Monetary Economics, Volume 3A (North Holland: New York, NY). Knotek, E. II (2019), “The Roles of Price Points and Menu Costs in Price Rigidity,” Working Paper No. 19-23, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. Kryvtsov, O. and N. Vincent (2021), “The Cyclicality of Sales and Aggregate Price Flexibility,” Review of Economic Studies 88, 334–377. Kurachi, Y., K. Hiraki, and S. Nishioka (2016), “Does a Higher Frequency of Micro-Level Price Changes Matter for Macro Price Stickiness? Assessing the Impact of Temporary Price Changes,” Working Paper No. 16-E-9, Bank of Japan. Lach, S., and D. Tsiddon (2007), “Small Price Changes and Menu Costs,” Managerial and Decision Economics 28, 649–656. Lal, R., and R. Rao (1997), “Supermarket Competition: The Case of Everyday Low Pricing,” Marketing Science 16, 60–80. Lattin, J.M. and G. Ortmeyer (1991), “A Theoretical Rationale for Everyday Low Pricing,” Research Paper No. 1144, Stanford University. Levy, D., M. Bergen, S. Dutta, and R. Venable (1997), “The Magnitude of Menu Costs: Direct Evidence from Large US Supermarket Chains,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, 791–825. Levy, Daniel, S. Dutta, M. Bergen, and R. Venable, (1998), “Price Adjustment at Multiproduct Retailers,” Managerial and Decision Economics 19(2), 81–120. Levy, D. A. Snir, A. Gotler and H. Chen (2020),” Not All Price Endings Are Created Equal: Price Points and Asymmetric Price Rigidity,” Journal of Monetary Economics 110 (April), 33–49. Levy, D. G. Müller, S. Dutta, and M. Bergen (2010) “Holiday Price Rigidity and the Cost of Price Adjustment,” Economica 77(305), 172–198. Messinger, P., and C. Narasimhan (1997), “A Model of Retail Formats Based on Consumers Economizing on Shopping Time,” Marketing Science 16(1), 1–23. Midrigan, V. (2011), “Menu Costs, Multiproduct Firms and Aggregate Fluctuations,” Econometrica 79(4), 1139–1180. Monroe, K. (2002), Pricing: Making Profitable Decisions (New York, NY: McGraw Hill). Müller, et al. (2006), “Private Label Price Rigidity during Holiday Periods,” Applied Economics Letters 13, 57–62. Nagle, T. and G. Müller (2017), The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: A Guide to Growing More Profitably (New York, New York: Routledge). Nakamura, E. (2008), “Pass-Through in Retail and Wholesale,” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 98(2), 430–437. Nakamura, E., and J. Steinsson (2008), “Five Facts about Prices: A Reevaluation of Menu Cost Models,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123(4), 1415–1464. Nakamura, E., and J. Steinsson (2011), “Price Setting in Forward-Looking Customer Markets,” Journal of Monetary Economics 58(3), 220233. Nakamura, E., and J. Steinsson (2013), “Price Rigidity: Microeconomic Evidence and Macroeconomic Implications,” Annual Review of Economics 5(1), 133–163. Nakamura, E., J. Steinsson, P. Sun, and D. Villar (2018), “The Elusive Costs of Inflation: Price Dispersion during the US Great Inflation,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 133(4), 1933–1980. Narasimhan, C. (1988), “Competitive Promotional Strategies,” Journal of Business 61, 427–449. Ortmeyer, G., J.A. Quelch, and W. Salmon (1991), “Restoring Credibility to Retail Pricing,” Sloan Management Review 33(1), 55–66. Peltzman, S. (2000), “Prices Rise Faster than Fall” Journal of Political Economy 108, 466–502. Reis, R. (2006), “Inattentive Producers,” Review of Economic Studies 73(3), 793–821. Rondan-Cataluña, et al. (2005), “Are Hypermarket Prices Different from Discount Store Prices?” Journal of Product and Brand Management 14(5), 330–337. Shankar, V. (1996), “Relating Price Sensitivity to Retailer Promotional Variables and Pricing Policy: An Empirical Analysis,” Journal of Retailing 72(3), 249–272. Sheremirov, V., (2015), “Price Dispersion and Inflation: New Facts and Theoretical Implications,” Working Paper No. 15-10, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Snir, A., D. Levy, and H. Chen (2017), “End of 9-Endings, Price Recall, and Price Perceptions,” Economics Letters 155, 157–163. Snir, A., and D. Levy (2021), “If You Think 9-Ending Prices Are Low, Think Again,” Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 6(1), 33–47. Snir, A., S. Ray, and D. Levy (2021), “Sale Filters,” manuscript in preparation. Statistics Canada (2016), Census Profile, 2016 Census, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce-Westmount, Quebec, https://goo.gl/HNoqnk, accessed January 27, 2018. Sudo, N., K. Ueda, K. Watanabe, and T. Watanabe (2018), “Working Less and Bargain Hunting More: Macroimplications of Sales during Japan’s Lost Decades,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 50(2–3), 449–478. Syed, I. (2015), “Sale Spotter: An Algorithm to Identify Sale Prices in Point-of-Sale Data,” UNSW Business School Research Paper No. 2015 ECON 13. Voss, G. B., and Seiders, K. (2003), “Exploring the Effect of Retail Sector and Firm Characteristics on Retail Price Promotion Strategy,” Journal of Retailing 79(1), 37–52. Warner, E., and R. Barsky (1995), “The Timing and Magnitude of Retail Store Markdowns: Evidence from Weekends and Holidays,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(2), 321–352. Wu, W. (2021), “Sales of Durable Goods and the Real Effects of Monetary Policy,” Review of Economic Dynamics (forthcoming), 13 pages. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/110818 |