 | Up a level |
Abrell, Jan and Weigt, Hannes (2008): The Interaction of Emissions Trading and Renewable Energy Promotion.
Ahmed, Shahzad and Ahmed, Waqas and Khan, Sajawal and Pasha, Farooq and Rehman, Muhammad (2012): Pakistan Economy DSGE Model with Informality.
Ahmed, Shahzad and Pasha, Farooq and Rehman, Muhammad (2014): The Role of Money in Explaining Business Cycles for a Developing Economy: The Case of Pakistan.
Ahmed, Vaqar and O' Donoghue, Cathal (2007): CGE-Microsimulation Modelling: A Survey.
Ahmed, Vaqar and O' Donoghue, Cathal (2008): Welfare impact of external balance in pakistan: CGE-microsimulation analysis.
Ahmed, Waqas (2012): Pakistan Economy DSGE Model with Informality-The Empirics of Calibration.
Ajevskis, Viktors (2014): Global Solutions to DSGE Models as a Perturbation of a Deterministic Path.
Albu, Lucian-Liviu (2006): A dynamic model to estimate the long-run trends in potential GDP.
Albu, Lucian-Liviu and Kim, Byung-Yeon and Duchene, Gerard (2002): Households’ activities in informal economy: size and behavioural aspects. Published in: Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting , Vol. 3-4, : pp. 18-28.
Alia, Didier and Ndjana, Willy and Nghogue, Erith (2009): Construction d'un MEGC pour l'évaluation de l'impact de la politique économique au Cameroun sur le secteur informel et la pauvreté.
Andrle, Michal (2008): The Role of Trends and Detrending in DSGE Models.
Annicchiarico, Barbara and Giammarioli, Nicola and Piergallini, Alessandro (2009): Budgetary Policies in a DSGE Model with Finite Horizons.
Bahalou, Marziyeh and Haqiqi, Iman (2016): A General Equilibrium Model with Labor-Leisure and Domestic-Abroad Choice for Assessment of Labor Migration in a Small Open Economy.
Banga, Rashmi (2017): Critique of Impact Assessment of Regional Trade Agreements using Non-Tariff Measures.
Banga, Rashmi (2019): Modelling Impact of Moratorium on Electronic Transmissions using CGE: A Critique.
Beltramo, Theresa (2010): Changes in Bilateral Trade Costs between European Union Member States & Major Trading Partners: An Empirical Analysis from 1989 - 2006.
Benjasak, Chonlakan and Bhattarai, Keshab (2017): General Equilibrium Impacts VAT and Corporate Tax in Thailand.
Bhattarai, Keshab (2017): Impacts of GST reforms on efficiency, growth and redistribution of income in India: A Dynamic CGE Analysis.
Bhattarai, Keshab and Nguyen, Dung T.K. and Nguyen, Chan V (2018): Impacts of Direct and Indirect Tax Reforms in Vietnam: A CGE Analysis.
Biswas, Anindya and Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2014): Skill formation, public expenditure on education and wage inequality: theory and evidence.
Bucher, Raphael and Guelden Sterzl, Jasmin (2011): From Coping with Natural Disasters in the Past to a Model of Future Optimal Adaptation.
Caesar, Cororaton and David, Orden (2016): Potential Economic Effects of the Reduction in Agricultural and Nonagricultural Trade Barriers in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.
Centeno, Alex (2020): A Note on the Application of Schubert Calculus in Heterogeneous Economies With Pure Exchange.
Chatterjee, Nilendu and Gupta, Kausik and Chatterjee, Tonmoy (2015): Revisiting the Conflicts between ‘Environmental Taxes vs Standard’ in the Context of International Trade: The Role of Waste Recycling.
Chatterjee, Tonmoy (2014): Environmental Legislation and International Trade: Theory, Policy and Indian experience.
Chatterjee, Tonmoy and Gupta, Kausik (2014): Trade Policies, Health Care and Social Welfare: A General Equilibrium Analysis.
Chatterjee, Tonmoy and Gupta, Kausik (2013): Trade in Health Services and Globalization: The Role of Infinitesimal Changes of Trade Policy.
Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2014): Does Public Assistance for Skills Formation Necessarily Improve Wage Inequality in the Future?
Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2014): How can trade unionism affect welfare consequences of trade and investment reforms in a developing economy?
Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2015): Is it reasonable to subsidize healthcare in Developing Nations? A question purely from the growth perspective.
Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2015): Negative Production Externalities and Efficacy of the Pigouvian Tax Policy in a Developing Economy: A Pure Economic Argument.
Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2014): Public Subsidy on Education, Welfare, and Wage Inequality in a Small Open Developed Economy: A Two-period Analysis.
Chaudhuri, Sarbajit and Biswas, Anindya (2015): Public Subsidy on Education and Welfare in Small OECD Countries: A Theoretical and Empirical Reconciliation.
Che, Natasha Xingyuan (2009): The great dissolution: organization capital and diverging volatility puzzle.
Chichilnisky, Graciela (1990): On the mathematical foundations of political economy. Published in: Cambridge Journal of Economics , Vol. 9, (1990): pp. 25-41.
Chisari, Omar O. and Maquieyra, Javier and Romero, Carlos A. (2009): Liberalization of trade in services: A CGE analysis for Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.
Chisari, Omar Osvaldo and Mastronardi, Leonardo Javier and Romero, Carlos Adrián (2012): Local taxes in Buenos Aires City: A CGE approach.
Ciscar, Juan Carlos and Paroussos, Leonidas and Van Regemorter, Denise (2009): Evaluation of post Kyoto GHG emission reduction paths. Published in: European Review of Energy Markets , Vol. 3, No. 1 (April 2009)
Clarete, Ramon (2016): The Value Added Tax and Red Tape: What Contributes More to Electricity Tariffs in the Philippines. Forthcoming in: Electricity Policy in the Philippines: Generation, Institutions, and Prices No. Stand-alone book to be published by the University of the Philippine Press (2019)
Contreras, Juan and Sinclair, Sven (2008): Labor supply response in macroeconomic models: Assessing the empirical validity of the intertemporal labor supply response from a stochastic overlapping generations model with incomplete markets.
Coremberg, Ariel and Mastronardi, Leonardo and Romero, Carlos and Vila Martinez, Juan Pablo (2016): Matriz de Contabilidad Social para Argentina construida con resultados de PBI alternativos proveniente del ARKLEMS-LAND UBA.
Daras, Tomasz and Hagemejer, Jan (2008): The long run-effects of the Poland's accession to the eurozone. Simulation using POLDYN - a dynamic computable general equilibrium model.
Das, Gouranga (2010): Globalization, socio-institutional factors and North–South knowledge diffusion: Role of India and China as Southern growth progenitors. Forthcoming in: Technological Forecasting and Social Change , Vol. 79, (3 May 2012): pp. 620-637.
Das, Gouranga and Powell, Alan A. L. (2000): Absorption Capacity, Structural Similarity and Embodied Technology Spillovers in A ‘Macro’ Model: An Implementation within a CGE Framework. Published in: The Korean Journal of Policy Studies, Seoul National University. , Vol. 16, No. 1 (1 August 2002): pp. 111-132.
Das, Gouranga Gopal (2005): Information age to genetic revolution: Embodied technology transfer and assimilation — A tale of two technologies. Published in: Technological Forecasting and Social Change , Vol. 74, No. 6 (1 July 2007): pp. 819-842.
Das, Gouranga Gopal and Alavalapati, Janaki (2001): Trade-mediated biotechnology transfer and its effective absorption: an application to the U.S. forestry sector. Published in: Technological forecasting and Social Change , Vol. 70, No. 6 (1 July 2003): pp. 545-562.
Derveeuw, Julien (2005): Market dynamics and agents behaviors: a computational approach. Published in: (2005)
Doan, Quang Hung and Vu, Hoang Nam (2016): Networks of Enterprises and Innovations: Evidence from SMEs in Vietnam.
Dost, Ahmad Najim and Khan, Haider (2015): Explaining NGO-State Wage Differentials in Afghanistan: Empirical Findings and New Theoretical Models with Policy Implications in General Equilibrium.
Douillet, Mathilde (2012): Trade and agricultural policies in Malawi: Not all policy reform is equally good for the poor.
Emini, Christian Arnault and Kanmi Feunou, Dorine (2008): Decomposing the Effects of Economic Policies on Poverty Trends in Cameroon: A Double Calibration Micro Simulated General Equilibrium Analysis.
Escobal, Javier and Ponce, Carmen (2007): Trade Liberalisation and Child Welfare: Assessing the Impact of a Free Trade Agreement Between Peru and the USA. Published in: Young Lives Working Paper Series No. 36 (November 2007)
Fugazza, Marco (2007): A new geography of preferences for Sub-Saharan African countries in a globalizing trading system.
Gelauff, George and Lejour, Arjan (2006): The new Lisbon Strategy: An estiamtion of the impact of reaching 5 Lisbon targets. Published in: Industrial Policy and Economic Reform Papers , Vol. 1, (January 2006)
George, Clive and Miles, Oliver and Prud'homme, Dan (2010): The Impacts of the Proposed EU-Libya Trade Agreement. Published in: IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook No. Med. 2010 (November 2010): pp. 232-236.
Ghosh, Sujata and Mandal, Biswajit and Gupta, Kausik (2017): Economic Liberalization and urban unemployment in the presence of informal sector.
Goyal, Ashima (1994): Growth Dynamics in a General Equilibrium Macroeconomic Model for India. Published in: Journal of Policy Modeling , Vol. 16, No. 3 (1994): pp. 265-289.
Goyal, Ashima (1994): Industrial Pricing and Growth Fluctuations in India. Published in: Indian Economic Review , Vol. 29, No. 1 (1994): pp. 13-32.
Hamanaka, Shingo (2008): Inequality and Authoritarianism in the Developing Countries. Published in: International Political Economy , Vol. 22, (31 November 2008): pp. 57-74.
Haqiqi, Iman and Bahalou, Marziyeh (2013): Macroeconomic Impacts of Export Barriers in a Dynamic CGE Model. Published in: Journal of Money and Economy , Vol. 8, No. 3 (June 2013): pp. 117-150.
Haqiqi, Iman and Bahalou, Marziyeh and Hamidi, Razieh (2014): Measurement and Evaluation of Equality of Opportunity: A Numerical Look at Education, Health, and Income Inequality.
Haqiqi, Iman and Bahalou, Marziyeh and Shamsaee, Arezoo (2017): An Economic General Equilibrium Model for Evaluation of Production Support Policies in Developing Countries.
Haqiqi, Iman and Manzoor, Davood and Aghababaei, Mohammad (2013): Impacts of Electricity Efficiency Improvements on Factors Market: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach. Published in: Journal of Planning and Budgeting , Vol. 4, No. 17 (2013): pp. 25-44.
Haqiqi, Iman and Mirian, Narges (2015): A Financial General Equilibrium Model for Assessment of Financial Sector Policies in Developing Countries.
Haqiqi, Iman and Mortazavi Kakhaki, Morteza (2012): The Impact of Redistribution of Opportunities on Income Inequality: A CGE Approach. Published in: Journal of Economic Modeling Research , Vol. 2, No. 7 (2012): pp. 51-73.
Haqiqi, Iman and Yasharel, Sepideh (2018): Removing Fossil Fuel Subsidies to Help the Poor.
Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo and Prada, Sergio and Ramirez, Juan Mauricio (2001): Impacto Económico del programa de Desarrollo Alternativo del Plan Colombia. Published in: Planeacion y Desarrollo , Vol. 32, No. 1 (December 2001)
Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo and Soto, Carolina and Prada, Sergio and Ramirez, Juan Mauricio (2000): Exenciones tributarias: Costo fiscal y análisis de incidencia. Published in: Archivos de Macroeconomia No. 141 (7 December 2000): pp. 1-30.
Jensen, Henning Tarp and Sherman, Robinson and Tarp, Finn (2008): Measuring Agricultural Policy Bias: General Equilibrium Analysis of Fifteen Developing Countries. Published in:
Karim, Mohamed (2013): Taxation of agricultural sector in Morocco. An Analysis using a Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model.
Karim, Mohamed and Bouzahzah, Mohamed (2012): Women’s changing participation in the Labor Force. A CGE Model applied to the Moroccan economy.
Khan, Haider (2008): Building an Innovative Economy through Managed Creative Destruction: A Theory with Applications to South Korea.
Khan, Haider (2008): Causal Depth: Aspects of a Scientific Realist Approach to Causal Explanation contra Humean Empiricism.
Kirkpatrick, Colin and Raihan, Selim and Bleser, Adam and Prud'homme, Dan and Mayrand, Karel and Morin, Jean Frederic and Pollitt, Hector and Hinojosa, Leonith and Williams, Michael (2011): Trade sustainability impact assessment (SIA) on the comprehensive economic and trade agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada: Final report. Published in: European Commission Trade Assessments (September 2011)
Kiula, Olga and Markandya, Anil and Ščasný, Milan and Menkyna Tsuchimoto, Fusako (2014): The Economic and Environmental Effects of Taxing Air Pollutants and CO2: Lessons from a Study of the Czech Republic.
Kolasa, Marcin (2008): Structural heterogeneity or asymmetric shocks? Poland and the euro area through the lens of a two-country DSGE model. Published in: National Bank of Poland Working Paper , Vol. 49, (November 2008)
LI, Wu (2012): A Study on the Dynamics of Interest Rate.
Li, Wu (2010): A Study on Dynamic General Equilibrium under the Classical Growth Framework.
Li, Wu (2008): A multi-agent growth model based on the von Neumann-Leontief framework.
Li, Wu and Li, Bangxi (2014): A Linear Multi-Sector Equilibrium Model with Taxation.
Majcen, Boris and Verbic, Miroslav and Cok, Mitja (2007): The Income Tax Reform in Slovenia: Should the Flat Tax Have Prevailed?
Mansur, Alfan (2016): The Impact of a Loss of Confidence in Emerging Market Economies to the World Economy: A Simulation with the G-Cubed Model. Published in: Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan , Vol. 1, No. 3 (26 January 2018): pp. 143-164.
Mansur, Alfan (2014): The Impacts of the United States Fiscal Deficit Reduction to the World Economy.
Manzoor, Davood and Haqiqi, Iman (2012): Impact of Energy Price Reform on Environmental Emissions; A Computable General Equilibrium Approach. Published in: Journal of Environmental Studies , Vol. 37, No. 60 (2012): pp. 1-12.
Manzoor, Davood and Haqiqi, Iman (2013): Impacts of Energy Price Increase and Cash Subsidy Payments on Energy Demand. Published in: Journal of Trade Studies , Vol. 17, No. 67 (2013): pp. 101-124.
Manzoor, Davood and Haqiqi, Iman and Aghababaei, Mohammad (2012): Decomposing Electricity Demand Elasticity in Iran: Computable General Equilibrium Approach. Published in: Biquarterly Journal of Economic Policy , Vol. 4, No. 8 (2012): pp. 91-112.
Manzoor, Davood and Haqiqi, Iman and Aghababaei, Mohammad (2013): Economic Impacts of Investment in the Electricity Industry: A CGE Comparison of Regulated and Free Markets. Published in: Quarterly Energy Economics Review , Vol. 9, No. 35 (2013): pp. 47-74.
Manzoor, Davood and Haqiqi, Iman and Aghababaei, Mohammad (2012): Modeling Dutch Disease in the Economy of Iran: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach. Published in: Quarterly Energy Economics Review , Vol. 8, No. 31 (2012): pp. 59-84.
Marz, Waldemar and Pfeiffer, Johannes (2015): Resource Market Power and Levels of Knowledge in General Equilibrium.
Mastronardi, Leonardo Javier (2013): Federalismo fiscal en Argentina: Un análisis de efectos spillover mediante un CGE regional.
Mercenier, Jean and Voyvoda, Ebru (2018): On Barriers to Technology Adoption, Appropriate Technology and Deep Integration (with implications for the European Union).
Miyoshi, Yoshiyuki and Toda, Alexis Akira (2016): Growth Effects of Annuities and Government Transfers in Perpetual Youth Models.
Moron, Eduardo and Castro, Juan F. and Villacorta, Lucciano (2009): The global crisis and the Peruvian labor market: impact and policy options.
Mortazavi Kakhaki, Morteza and Haqiqi, Iman and Mahdavi Adeli, Mohammad (2013): Regional Equality of Opportunities and Income: A General Equilibrium Modeling for Iran. Published in: Journal of Regional Economics and Development , Vol. 5, No. 20 (2013): pp. 69-95.
Nakada, Yoshiaki (2015): Comment on Suzuki’s rebuttal of Batra and Casas.
Nakada, Yoshiaki (2015): Deriving the factor endowment-commodity output relationship for Thailand (1920-1929) using a three-factor two-good model.
Nakada, Yoshiaki (2015): Economy-wide substitution and Rybczynski sign pattern in a three-factor two-good model.
Nakada, Yoshiaki (2015): Economy-wide substitution and Rybczynski sign pattern in a three-factor two-good model: Further analysis.
Nakada, Yoshiaki (2015): Factor intensities and factor substitution in general equilibrium: A Comment.
Nlemfu Mukoko, Jean Blaise and Wabenga Yango, James (2011): Zone de libre échange de la sadc et économie de la RDCongo :Création de commerce et Bien-être?
Nwaobi, Godwin (2014): Inequality,Poverty and Hunger in Developing Countries: Sustainability Implications.
Olayeni, Olaolu Richard (2009): A small open economy model for Nigeria: a BVAR-DSGE approach.
Ortega, Juan Ricardo and Piraquive, Gabriel Armando and Hernandez, Gustavo Adolfo and Soto, Carolina and Prada, Sergio and Ramirez, Juan Mauricio (2000): Incidencia fiscal de los incentivos tributarios. Published in: Planeacion y Desarrollo , Vol. 31, No. 3 (December 2000)
Othman, Jamal and Yaghoob, Jafari (2009): Does ASEAN Freer Trade Benefit Malaysia?
Pashchenko, Svetlana and Porapakkarm, Ponpoje (2011): Welfare costs of reclassification risk in the health insurance market.
Pereira, Alfredo and Pereira, Rui (2017): On the Effect of an Increase in the VAT on Electricity in Portugal.
Pereira, Alfredo and Pereira, Rui (2016): On the Optimal Use of Revenues from a CO2 Tax and the Importance of Labor Market Conditions.
Perry, Miles (2008): FOOD PRODUCTION VS. BIOMASS EXPORT VS. LAND-USE CHANGE: A CGE ANALYSIS FOR ARGENTINA.
Pouliakas, Konstantinos and Roberts, Deborah and Balamou, Eudokia and Psaltopoulos, Dimitris (2008): Modelling the Effects of Immigration on Regional Economic Performance and the Wage Distribution: A CGE Analysis of Three EU Regions.
Ramsey, David M. and Szajowski, Krzysztof (2004): Correlated equilibria in competitive staff selection problem. Published in: Banach Center Publications , Vol. 71, (2006): pp. 253-265.
Robinson, Sherman and Willenbockel, Dirk and Ahmed, Hashim and Dorosh, Paul (2010): Implications of food production and price shocks for household welfare in Ethiopia: a general equilibrium analysis.
Roson, Roberto and Sartori, Martina (2014): Input-output linkages and the propagation of domestic productivity shocks: Assessing alternative theories with stochastic simulation.
Sambracos, Evangelos and Yannelis, Dimitris (1993): On Non-Tatonnement Processes.
Sanguinet, Eduardo and Alvim, Augusto (2020): Effects of EU-Mercosur trade agreement on bilateral trade: the role of Brexit.
Schenker, Oliver (2011): How uncertainty reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
Schenker, Oliver (2010): Transporting goods and damages. The role of trade on the distribution of climate change costs.
Schenker, Oliver and Bucher, Raphael (2010): On interactions of optimal climate policy and international trade. An assessment of border carbon measures.
Shirai, Daichi and Nagamachi, Kohei and Eguchi, Naotaka (2012): The Impacts of Firms' Technology Choice on the Gender Differences in Wage and Time Allocation: A Cross-Country Analysis.
Shirai, Daichi and Takeda, Shiro and Ochiai, Katsuaki (2011): 温室効果ガス排出規制の地域間CGE分析. Published in: 環境経済・政策研究 , Vol. 6, No. 2 (18 September 2013): pp. 12-25.
Siemers, Lars-H. R. and Zöller, Daniel (2011): Change-over within little scope: On the decision neutrality of recent tax reform proposals.
Skribans, Valerijs (2012): European Union Economy System Dynamic Model Development. Published in: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society (2012): pp. 3687-3697.
Tarp Jensen, Henning and Tarp, Finn (2003): Trade Liberalisation and Spatial Inequality: Methodological Innovations in Vietnamese Perspective. Published in:
Tchoffo, Rodrigue and Ngouhouo, Ibrahim and Nkemgha, Guivis (2020): Trade Liberalization and Macroeconomic Performance in Cameroon: An Imperfect Competition Approach.
Teguh, Dartanto (2010): Volatility of world rice prices, import tariffs and poverty in Indonesia: a CGE-microsimulation analysis. Published in: Economics and Finance in Indonesia , Vol. No.3, No. Vol.52 (2010): pp. 335-364.
Toda, Alexis Akira (2017): Huggett Economies with Multiple Stationary Equilibria.
Toda, Alexis Akira (2016): Zipf's Law: A Microfoundation.
Toda, Alexis Akira and Walsh, Kieran James (2016): Fat Tails and Spurious Estimation of Consumption-Based Asset Pricing Models. Forthcoming in: Journal of Applied Econometrics
UMBA, Gilles (2013): Ouverture commerciale et croissance économique en RD Congo : une analyse en équilibre général calculable.
Venier, Guido (2007): A new Model for Stock Price Movements. Published in: Journal of Applied Economic Sciences , Vol. 3, No. 3 (November 2008): pp. 327-347.
Verbic, Miroslav (2007): Modelling the pension system in an overlapping-generations general equilibrium modelling framework.
Verbic, Miroslav (2007): Supplementary pension insurance in Slovenia: an analysis with an overlapping-generations general equilibrium model.
Verbic, Miroslav (2007): Varying the parameters of the Slovenian pension system: an analysis with an overlapping-generations general equilibrium model.
Verbic, Miroslav (2008): The ageing population and the associated challenges of the Slovenian pension system.
Verbic, Miroslav and Majcen, Boris and Cok, Mitja (2009): Education and Economic Growth in Slovenia: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach with Endogenous Growth.
Verbic, Miroslav and Majcen, Boris and Cok, Mitja (2009): R&D and Economic Growth in Slovenia: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach with Endogenous Growth.
Verikios, George and Patron, Jodie and Gharibnavaz, Reza (2017): Decomposing the Marginal Excess Burden of Australia’s Goods and Services Tax.
Wendner, Ronald and Farmer, Karl (2008): Dynamic Multi-Sector CGE Modeling -- Reply to Assmann and Hogrefe.
Willenbockel, Dirk (2014): Computable General Equilibrium Simulations of the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Agreement.
Willenbockel, Dirk (2013): General Equilibrium Assessment of the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite FTA.
Willenbockel, Dirk (2017): Macroeconomic Effects of a Low-Carbon Electricity Transition in Kenya and Ghana: An Exploratory Dynamic General Equilibrium Analysis.
Woldie, Getachew Abebe and Siddig, Khalid (2009): The impact of banning export of cereals in response to soaring food prices: Evidences from Ethiopia using the new GTAP African database.
Yusuf, Arief Anshory (2006): Constructing Indonesian Social Accounting Matrix for Distributional Analysis in the CGE Modelling Framework.
Yusuf, Arief Anshory and Resosudarmo, Budy P. (2007): Searching for Equitable Energy Price Reform for Indonesia.
Yusuf, Arief Anshory and Resosudarmo, Budy P. (2007): Searching for Equitable Energy Price Reform for Indonesia.
Zaki, Chahir (2010): Towards an explicit modeling of trade facilitation in CGE models: evidence from Egypt.
Zaki, Chahir and Hendy, Rana (2009): Rethinking the Redistribution Effects of Trade Liberalization in Egypt: A Microsimulation Analysis.
Zhorin, Victor and Stef-Praun, Tiberiu (2008): Grid-enabled estimation of structural economic models.
