Bayari, Celal (2018): Economy and Market in China: The State, Wage Labour and the Construction of the ‘China Price’. Published in: Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review , Vol. 14, No. 1 (5 July 2018): pp. 13-29.
Preview |
PDF
MPRA_paper_100900.pdf Download (467kB) | Preview |
Abstract
China’s entry into the world trade, investment and production system and the economic growth of the last four decades have culminated in a rigid labour market duality that is based on the division of the urban-rural residential registry system, hukou. A migrant labour population has been created, the burdens of which have become augmented despite the long period of growth. Migrant labour is the producer of the “China price” which is the significantly low cost of production that the country provides to investors. This paper analyses the context of migrant labour and its origins. The discussion extends into the state policies on labour institutions (minimum wage system, All-China Federation of Trade Unions [ACFTU] and the welfare measures) and further analyses the conditions of the female and youth labour markets.
Item Type: | MPRA Paper |
---|---|
Original Title: | Economy and Market in China: The State, Wage Labour and the Construction of the ‘China Price’ |
English Title: | Economy and Market in China: The State, Wage Labour and the Construction of the ‘China Price’ |
Language: | English |
Keywords: | Chinese economy, the state, market, growth, trade, economic geography, labour |
Subjects: | I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health > I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I2 - Education and Research Institutions > I28 - Government Policy I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty > I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants ; Non-labor Discrimination J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J16 - Economics of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics > J18 - Public Policy J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor > J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor > J23 - Labor Demand J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs > J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J4 - Particular Labor Markets J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J4 - Particular Labor Markets > J41 - Labor Contracts J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J4 - Particular Labor Markets > J42 - Monopsony ; Segmented Labor Markets J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J7 - Labor Discrimination J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J7 - Labor Discrimination > J78 - Public Policy L - Industrial Organization > L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy L - Industrial Organization > L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing L - Industrial Organization > L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing > L60 - General R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R0 - General |
Item ID: | 100900 |
Depositing User: | Dr Celal Bayari |
Date Deposited: | 09 Jun 2020 12:48 |
Last Modified: | 09 Jun 2020 12:48 |
References: | Alexander, Peter and Anita Chan (2004) Does China have an apartheid pass system? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(4): 609-629. Allard, Gayle and Marie Jose Garot (2010) ‘The Impact of the New Labor Law in China: New Hiring Strategies for Foreign firms’. Revista Direito GV. 6(2): 527-540. All-China Federation of Trade Unions (2017) ‘The ACFTU structure’. Accessed 14 April 2017. Available at: <http://en.acftu.org>. Autor, David. H., David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson (2013) ‘The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States.’ American Economic Review. 103(6): 2121–2168. Bain, Trevor, Chyi-herng Chang and Zhi Tang (2015)’MNCs in China: Regulation and Reality’. LERA 58TH Annual Proceedings. Banister, Judith and George Cook (2011) ‘China’s employment and compensation costs in manufacturing through 2008’. Monthly Labor Review. March: 39-52. Barbalet, Jack (2015) ‘Guanxi, tie strength and network attributes’. American Behavioral Scientist 59(8): 1038–1050. Bayari, Celal (2015) ‘Chinese Economy and Central Asia’. Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review. 11(3): 1-14. Bieler, Andreas and Chun-Yi Lee (2017a) ‘Exploitation and Resistance: A Comparative Analysis of the Chinese Cheap Labour Electronics and High-Value Added IT Sectors’. Globalizations. 14(2): 202-215. Bieler, Andreas and Chun-Yi Lee (2017b) ‘Chinese Labour in the Global Economy’. Globalizations. 14(2): 179-188. Bosker, Maarten, Steven Brakman, Harry Garretsen and Marc Schramm (2012) ‘Relaxing Hukou: Increased labor mobility and China’s economic geography’. Journal of Urban Economics. 72: 252–266. Brachet, Isabelle, Elin Wrzoncki, Jason Law and Bill Taylor (2013) China’s Workers are Calling for Change. Paris: International Federation for Human Rights. Brown, Charles, Curtis Gilroy and Andrew Kohen (1982) ‘The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemployment: A Survey’. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper. No 46. Burkhauser, Richard V., Kenneth A. Couch and David C. Wittenburg (2000) ‘A Reassessment of the New Economics of the Minimum Wage Literature with Monthly Data from the Current Population Survey’. Journal of Labor Economics. 18(4): 653-680. Cao, Xuebing and Quan Meng (2017) ‘Dockworkers’ Resistance and Union Reform within China’s Globalised Seaport Industry’. Globalizations. 14(2): 272-284. Card, David (1996) ‘The Effect of Unions on the Structure of Wages: A Longitudinal Analysis’. Econometrica. 64(4): 957-979. Card, David (1992) ‘Using Regional Variation in Wages to Measure the Effects of the Federal Minimum Wages’. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 46(1): 22-37. Chan, Andy W., Ed Snape, Michelle S. Luo and Yujuan Zhai (2016) ‘The Developing Role of Unions in China’s Foreign-Invested Enterprises’. British Journal of Industrial Relations. 1–24. Chan, Anita and Irene Norlund (1998) ‘Vietnamese and Chinese labour regimes’. The China Journal. 40 (Special Issue): 173-197. Chan, Chris King-Chi, Pun Ngai and Jenny Chan (2010) ‘The Role of the State, Labour Policy and Migrant Workers’ Struggles in Globalized China’. pp. 132-151 in Paul Bowles and John Harriss (eds) in Globalization and Labour in China and India Impacts and Responses Chan, Jenny and Mark Selden (2014) ‘China's Rural Migrant workers, the State, and Labor Politics’. Critical Asian Studies. 46(4): 599-620. Chan, Kam Wing (2011) ‘The Global Financial Crisis and Migrant Workers in China: There is No Future as a Labourer; Returning to the Village has No Meaning’. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 34(3): 659–677. Chan, Kam Wing (2010) ‘The Household Registration System and Migrant Labor in China: Notes on a Debate’. Population and Development Review. 36(2): 357–364. Chai, Hongxia and Xiongwei Song (2013) ‘The adaptive state – understanding political reform in China’. Policy Studies. 34:1, 73-88. Chen, Jianxian, Xiaokuai Shao, Ghulam Murtaza and Zhongxiu Zhao (2014) ‘Factors that influence female labor force supply in China’. Economic Modelling. 37: 485–491. Cheng, Zhiming, Russell Smyth and Fei Guo (2013) ‘The Impact of China’s New Labour Contract Law on Socioeconomic Outcomes for Migrant and Urban Workers’. Monash University. Department of Economics. Discussion Paper 51/13. Chi, Wei and Xiaoye Qian (2013) ‘Regional disparity of labor's share in China’. China Economic Review. 27: 277–293. Chung, Sunwook (2015) ‘Explaining compliance: A multi-actor framework for understanding labour law compliance in China’. Human Relations. 68(2) 237–260. Cling, Jean-Pierre (2014) ‘The future of global trade and the WTO’. Foresight. 16(2): 109-125. Deng, Haiyan, Robert McGuckin, Jianyi Xu, Yaodong Liu and Yuqi Liu (2005) The Dynamics of China’s Labor Market: Job Creation and Destruction in the Industrial Sector. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Working Paper Series Vol. 2005-18. November. Dietrich, John W. (1999) ‘Interest Groups and Foreign Policy’. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29(2): 280-296. DiNardo, John, Nicole M. Fortin and Thomas Lemieux (1996) ‘Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach’. Econometrica. 64(5): 1001-1044. Ding, Daniel Z. and Malcolm Warner (2001) ‘China’s labour management system reforms’. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 18: 315-334. Dong, Xiao-yuan and Manish Pandey (2012) ‘Gender and labor retrenchment in Chinese state-owned enterprises’. China Economic Review. 23: 385–395. Dreger, Christian, Reinhold Kosfeld and Yanqun Zhang (2016) Determining Minimum Wages in China. Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. Estlund, Cynthia L. and Gurgel, Seth (2013) ‘Will Labour Unrest Lead to More Democratic Trade Unions in China’ (2013). New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers. Paper 444. Fang, Tony and Carl Lin (2015) ‘Minimum wages and employment in China.’ IZA Journal of Labor Policy. 4(22): 1-30. Feng, Emily (2016) ‘Skyscrapers’ Rise in China Marks the Fall of Immigrant Enclaves’. July 19. The New York Times. Accessed July 20 2017. Available at: < www.nytimes.com>. Freeman, Richard B. (1980) ‘Unionization and the Dispersion of Wages’. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 34(1): 3-23. Funari, Rachel and Bernard Mees (2013) ‘Socialist emulation in China: worker heroes yesterday and today’. Labor History. 54:3, 240-255. Gallagher, Mary, John Giles, Albert Park, and Meiyan Wang (2015) ‘China’s 2008 Labor Contract Law’. Human Relations. 8(2): 197–235. Gan, Li, Manuel A. Hernandez and Shuang Ma (2016) ‘The higher costs of doing business in China: Minimum wages Highlights and firms' export behavior.’ Journal of International Economics. 100(May): 81–94. Gao, Qin, Sui Yang and Shi Li (2012) ‘Labor contracts and social insurance participation among migrant workers in China’. China Economic Review. 23: 1195–1205. Gao, Y. (2006) ‘Chinese labour law in transition’. Labour Education. 2-3. No. 143-144: 91-102. Golley, Jane and Xin Meng (2011 ‘Has China run out of surplus labour’. China Economic Review. 22: 555–572. Gramlich, Edward M. (1976) ‘Impact on Minimum Wages on Other Wages, Employment, and Family Incomes’. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. 2: 409-451. Gray, Kevin and Youngseok Jang (2015) ‘Labour Unrest in the Global Political Economy’. New Political Economy. 20(4): 594-613. Gunderson, Morley, Byron Y Lee, Hui Wang, (2016) ‘Union pay premium in China: an individual- level analysis’. International Journal of Manpower. 37(4): 606-627. Haepp, T. and Carl Lin (2015) ‘How Does the Minimum Wage Affect Firm Investments in Fixed and Human Capital.’ SOLE/EALE World Conference 2015. April 29. Han, Jun, Runjuan Liu, Beyza Ural Marchand and Junsen Zhang (2016) ‘Market Structure, Imperfect Tariff Pass through and Household Welfare in Urban China’. Journal of International Economics. 100: 220–232. Hao, Yu and Gregory Clark (2012) ‘Social Mobility in China, 1645-2012’. Working Paper. University of California, Davis. Hardy, Jane (2017) ‘China’s Place in the Global Divisions of Labour: An Uneven and Combined Development Perspective’. Globalizations. 14(2): 189-201. Hart-Landsberg, Martin (2015) ‘From the claw to the lion: A critical look at capitalist globalization’. Critical Asian Studies. 47(1): 1-23. He, Hongbo, Shou Chen, Shujie Yao and Jinghua Ou (2014) ‘Financial liberalisation and international market interdependence’. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money. 33: 434–444. Huang, Yi, Prakash Loungani and Gewei Wang (2014) Labor Market Shocks and Corporate Policies: Evidence from the Minimum Wage Law Reform in China. IMF Job and Growth Working Group. November. Huang, Youxing and Yan Zhang (2017) ‘Wage, foreign-owned firms, and productivity spillovers via labour turnover: a non-linear analysis based on Chinese firm-level data’. Applied Economics. 49(20): 1994-2010. ILO (2016) Wages, productivity and labour share in China. ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok. ILO (2014) Global Employment Trends 2014. Geneva: International Labour Office. ILO and OECD (2015) The Labour Share in G20 Economies. Antalya: G20 Working Group. Imbruno, Michele (2016) ‘China and WTO liberalization’. China Economic Review. 8: 222–237. IMF (2016) The People's Republic of China. Selected Issues. IMF Country Report. No. 16/271. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. ITUC (2010) ‘Internationally Recognized Core Labour Standards in the People’s Republic of China. Report for the WTO General Council Review of the Trade Policies of the People’s Republic of China. International Trade Union Confederation: Geneva. Kang, Lili and Fei Peng (2017) ‘Wage flexibility in the Chinese labour market’. Regional Studies. 51(4): 616-628. Kim, Sunghoon and Jian Han and Longkai Zhao (2014) Union recognition by multinational companies in China’. ILR Review. 67(1): 35-59. Knight, John, Deng Quheng and Li Shi (2011) ‘The puzzle of migrant labour shortage and rural labour surplus in China’. China Economic Review 22: 585–600. Knight, John, Deng Quheng and Li Shi (2017) ‘China’s expansion of higher education: The labour market consequences of a supply shock’. China Economic Review. 43: 127-141. Kong, S. (2010) ‘Rural-Urban Migration in China: Survey Design and Implementation’, pp. 135-150. In Meng, X., C. Manning, S. Li and T. Effendi (eds) The Great Migration: Rural Urban Migration in China and Indonesia. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Lam, W. Raphael, Xiaoguang Liu and Alfred Schipke (2015) ‘China’s New Labor Market’. IMF Working Paper. WP/15/151. Lambert, Rob and Edward Webster (2017) ‘The China Price: The All-China Federation of Trade Unions and the Repressed Question of International Labour Standards’. Globalizations. 14(2): 313-326. Lan, Tu, John Pickles and Shengjun Zhu (2015) ‘State Regulation, Economic Reform and Worker Rights: The Contingent Effects of China’s Labour Contract Law’. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 45(2): 266-293. Lau, Mimi (2016) ‘Lawsuit by Chinese migrant workers could allow access to pensions for their peers’. South China Morning Post. 20 November. Accessed 19 July 2017. Available at: <www.scmp.com>. Lee, Leng (2012) ‘Decomposing wage differentials between migrant workers and urban workers in urban China's labor markets’. China Economic Review. 23: 461–470. Lei, Chaochao, Rengui Zhang and Baocheng Wu (2013) ‘Labor reallocation in China: 1978–2011’. Economic Modelling. 35: 668–673. Lisha, Chen, Sun Yifan, and Amran Md Rasli (2014) ‘Perceived Change of Labor Cost in Manufacturing Industries of China: Evidence from Hebei Province’. Asian Journal of Management Sciences and Education. 3(1): 170-179. Liu, Mingwei and Sarosh Kuruvilla (2017) ‘The State, the Unions, and Collective Bargaining in China’. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal. 38 Liu, Yang (2013) ‘Labor market matching and unemployment in urban China’. China Economic Review. 24: 108–128. Liu, Yuzhen (2012a) ‘Decisions to leave home: An examination of rural married women's labour migration in contemporary China’. Women's Studies International Forum. 35: 305–313. Liu, Qian (2012b) ‘Unemployment and labor force participation in urban China’. China Economic Review. 23: 18–33. Lu, Shuang, Yi-Ting Lin, Julian H. Wikse and Chieng-Chung Huang (2016) ‘Well-being of migrant and left-behind children in China: Education, health, parenting, and personal values’. International Journal of Social Welfare. 25: 58-68. Luthje, Boy and Florian Butollo (2017) ‘Why the Foxconn Model Does Not Die: Production Networks and Labour Relations in the IT Industry in South China’. Globalizations. 14(2): 216-231. Mahoney, Joseph G. (2013) ‘China and the WTO’. Asian Journal of Social Science. 41: 381–405. Mayneris, Florian, Sandra Poncet and Tao Zha (2014) The cleansing effect of minimum wages. Fondation pour les études et recherches sur le développement international. Working Paper 113. Meng, Xin (2017) ‘The Labor Contract Law, Macro Conditions, Self-Selection, and Labor Market Outcomes for Migrants in China’. Asian Economic Policy Review. 12: 45–65. Meng, Xin (2014) ‘China’s Labour Market Tensions and Future Urbanisation Challenges.’ pp. 379-405 Ligang Song, Ross Garnaut, Cai Fang (eds) Deepening Reform. Canberra: ANU Press. Meng, Xin (2012) ‘Labor Market Outcomes and Reforms in China’. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 26(4): 75-102. Mistral, Jacques (2011) ‘Beyond Macroeconomic Policy Coordination Discussions in the G-20’. Geneva: Think Thank 20. Murphy, Kevin M. and Finis Welch (1992) ‘The Structure of Wages’. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 107(1): 285-326. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016a) ‘2-11 Population by Sex, Household Registration Status and Region’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 17 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016b) ‘4-1 Employment’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 17 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016c) ‘1-2 Principal Aggregate Indicators on National Economics and Social Development and Growth Rates’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 17 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016d) ‘1-3 Composition Indicators on National Economic and Social Development’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 17 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016e) ’22-24 Statistics on Social Relief’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 17 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016f) ‘26-7 Employed Persons by Industry’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 17 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016g) ‘4-12 Average Wage of Employed Persons in Urban Units’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 17 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016h) ‘26-7 Employed Persons by Industry’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 26 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016i) ‘4-11. Average Wage of Employed Persons in Urban Units and Related Indices’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 26 April 2017>. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016j) ‘4-16. Average Wage of Employed Persons in Urban Private Units by Sector and Region’. China Statistical Yearbook. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm. <Accessed 26 April 2017>. Neumark, David, J.M. Ian Salas and William Wascher (2013) Revisiting the Minimum Wage-Employment Debate. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 18681. Neumark, David and William Wascher (2007) ‘Minimum Wages and Employment’. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper. Working Paper 12663. Ngai, Pun (2004) ‘Women Workers and Precarious Employment in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone’. Gender and Development. 12(2): 29-36. Ngok, Kinglun (2008) ‘The Changes of Chinese Labor Policy and Labor Legislation in the Context of Market Transition’. International Labor and Working-Class History. 73(Spring): 45-64. Perry, Elizabeth (1995) ‘Labour’s battle for political space’, pp. 302-325 in Davis, D., R. Kraus, B. Naughton and E. Perry (eds). Urban Space in Contemporary China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Qi, H. (2014) ‘The Labor Share Question in China’. Monthly Review. 1(1): 1-12. Qin, Xuezheng, Lixing Li and Chee-Ruey Hsieh (2013) ‘Too few doctors or too low wages?’. China Economic Review. 24: 150–164. Qin, Yu (2016) ‘No county left behind?’ The distributional impact of high-speed rail upgrades in China’. Journal of Economic Geography. 17(3): 489–520. Ren, Shao and Wang Yuan (2000) ‘The Impact of China's Joining the WTO’. The Chinese Economy. 33(6): 48-74. Rhodes, Sylvia A. and John H. Jackson (1999) ‘United States Law and China's WTO Accession Process’. Journal of International Economic Law. 2: 497-510. Rickne, Johanna (2013) ‘Labor market conditions and social insurance in China’. China Economic Review. 27: 52–68. Roberts, Dexter (2016) ‘Beijing Wants One Union to Rule Them All’. Bloomberg. 11 November 2016. Accessed 14 April 2017. Available at: <http://www.bloomberg.com>. Sabia, Joseph J. (2015) ‘Do minimum wages stimulate productivity and growth’. IZA World of Labor. 221: 1-10. Sala, Ilaria Maria (2016) ‘Shenzhen – from rural village to the world's largest megalopolis’. The Guardian. 10 May. Accessed 19 July 2016. Available at: <www.theguardian.com>. Satchit, Balan (1999) ‘China's Long March to the WTO’. Journal of East-West Business. 4(4): 1-26. Schwellnus, Cyrille, Andreas Kappeler and Pierre-Alain Pionnier (2017) ‘Decoupling of Wages from Productivity’. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Papers No. 1373. Sheehan, Spencer (2017) ‘China's Hukou Reforms and the Urbanization Challenge’. The Diplomat. February 22, 2017. Accessed February 22 2017. Available at: <http://thediplomat.com. Shen, Jianfa (2008) ‘Hong Kong under Chinese Sovereignty: Economic Relations with Mainland China, 1978–2007’. Eurasian Geography and Economics. 49(3): 326–340. Shu, Xiaoling and Yanjie Bian (2002) ‘Intercity variation in gender inequalities in China’. The Future of Market Transition. 19: 269-309. Shu, Zhang, Shi Xiuzhia and Yao Shu (2011) ‘Safety incentive for labor workers in state-owned mine enterprises in China’. Procedia Engineering. 26: 2230-2238. Sicular, Terry (2013) ‘The Challenge of High Inequality in China.’ Inequality in Focus. 2(2). The World Bank Poverty Reduction and Equity Department. Silver, Beverly J. and Lu Zhang (2009) ‘China as an emerging epicenter’, pp. 174-187 in Ho Fung Hung, China and the Transformation of Global Capitalism. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Song, Yang (2016) ‘Hukou-based labour market discrimination and ownership structure in urban China’. Urban Studies. 53(8): 1657–1673. Stigler, George J. (1946) ‘The Economics of Minimum Wage Legislation’. The American Economic Review. 36(3): 358-365. Sun, Lei, Jinxiong Chang, Yanhui Liu and Zhejun Yang (2011) ‘The urban-rural disparities of the elderly labor supply and income in China’. Procedia Engineering. 15: 5274-5278. Taylor, Peter (2011) ‘Thesis on labour imperialism’. Political Geography. 30: 175–177. Taylor, Bill and Qi Li (2010) ‘Is the ACFTU a Union and Does It Matter.’ Journal of Industrial Relations. 49(5): 701-715. Thorbecke, Willem and Hanjiang Zhang (2009) ‘The Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on China’s Labour-Intensive Manufacturing Exports’. Pacific Economic Review. 14(3): 398–409. Tomba, Luigi (2009) ‘Middle Classes in China: Force for Political Change or Guarantee of Stability’. Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies. 6(2): 1-12. Traub-Merz, Rudolf (2011) All China Federation of Trade Unions. Geneva: ILO. United Nations (2014) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. United Nations: New York. Webster, Chris, Fulong Wu, Fangzhu Zhang and Chinmoy Sarkar (2016) ‘Informality, property rights, and poverty in China’s ‘favelas’. World Development. 78: 461–476. Wang, Jing and Morley Gunderson (2015) ‘Adjustments to Minimum Wages in China: Cost-Neutral Offsets.’ Industrial Relations. 70(3): 510-531. Wang, Kan (2016) ‘Labour resistance and worker attitudes towards trade union reform in China’. Employee Relations. 38(5): 724-740. Wang, Mark Y. and Jiaping Wu (2010) ‘Migrant workers in the urban labour market of Shenzhen’. Environment and Planning A. 42: 1457-1475. Warner, Malcolm and Ying Zhu (2008) ‘Labour- management relations in the People’s Republic of China: whither the ‘harmonious society.’ Judge Business School. University of Cambridge. Working Paper Series 11. Wong, Cal (2017) ‘China's Hukou Restrictions Now Apply to Graveyards’. The Diplomat. April 1 2017. Accessed April 22 2017. Available at: <http://thediplomat.com. World Bank (2016) The Impact of China on Europe and Central Asia. Washington DC. World Bank Group, World Health Organization, Ministry of Finance, National Health and Family Planning Commission and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (2016) Deepening Health Reform in China. Washington DC: World Bank. World Health Organization (2017) Global Health Expenditure Database. Accessed 12 January 2017. Available at: <http://apps.who.int/nha/database>. Wu, Weiping (2006) ‘Migrant Intra-urban residential mobility in urban China’. Housing Studies. 21(5): 745–765. Xiao Kea, Haiqiang Chena, Yongmiao Honga and Cheng Hsiaoa (2017) ‘Do China's high-speed-rail projects promote local economy’. China Economic Review. 44(July): 203–226. Xing, Chunbing and Jianwei Xu (2016) ‘Regional variation of the minimum wages in China’. IZA Journal of Labor & Development. 5(8): 1-22. Xinhua (2017)’ China has 282m rural migrant workers by end of 2016’. Accessed 10 April 2017. Available at: <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn >. Xiong, Ailun, Hongyi Li, Hans Westlund and Yongjian Pu (2017) ‘Social networks, job satisfaction and job searching behavior in the Chinese labor market’. China Economic Review. 43: 1-15. Xu, Kai (2014) ‘Barriers to labor mobility and international trade’. China Economic Review. 29: 107–125. Yan, C. (2014) Structural Changes in the Labor Market and Social Security System in China. Discussion Paper No. E-14-005. Research Project Center. Graduate School of Economics. Kyoto University. Zeng, Ka (2004) Trade Threats, Trade Wars. Ann Arbor: UMP. Zhang, Jun and Xiaofeng Liu (2013) ‘The evolving pattern of the wage–labor productivity nexus in China’. Economic Systems. 37: 354–368. Zhang, Miao and Rajah Rasiah (2015) ‘Globalization, industrialization and labour markets in China’. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy. 20(1): 14-41. Zhang, Wanfa and Feng Sun (2012) ‘Resurrection through Adaptation: The Dynamics of China's Comcapitalism Model’. Journal of Comparative Asian Development. 11(2): 349-378. Zhang, Yongjin (2003) ‘Reconsidering the economic internationalization of China: implications of the WTO membership’. Journal of Contemporary China. 12(37): 699-714. Zhu, Pengyu (2016) ‘Residential segregation and employment outcomes of rural migrant workers in China’. Urban Studies. 53(8): 1635-1656. Zhu, Xiaowe, Zhihong Zhang and Mingliang Zhang (2012) ‘Initial Thoughts on Building Harmonious Labor Relations’. Modern Economy. 3: (118-121). Zhu, Zhiqun (2000) ‘US, China and the WTO’. Global Economic Review. 29(3): 82-97. |
URI: | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/100900 |